Table 2.
Detailed characteristics of included trials (n = 21).
| Author(s) Year Country |
N (Male/Female) Age Body Mass |
Running Experience | Caffeine Administration | Timing | Comparator | Running Conditions | Measures | Running Tests |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bell et al., 2002 Canada [35] |
12 (10/2) 33 ± 8 years 75 ± 11 kg |
Recreational | 4 mg/kg in capsules | 60 min- pre-exercise | 300 mg dietary fiber capsules | Treadmill | 10 km time NS | TTP |
| Borba et al., 2019 Brazil [53] |
13 (8/5) 28.46 ± 5.63 23.58 ± 3.90 kg/m2 |
Recreational | 6 mg/kg in hot water | 60 min pre-exercise | Hot water | Track (400 m) | 1600 m runs NS | TTP |
| Bonetti de Poli et al., 2016 Brazil [43] |
18 (18/0) 29 ± 7 years 72.1 ± 5.8 kg |
Recreational | 6 mg/kg in capsules | 60 min pre-exercise | Dextrose capsules | Treadmill | TTE test ↑ | TTE |
| Bridge and Jones 2006 United Kingdom [54] |
8 (8/0) 21.3 ± 1.2 years 69.3 ± 5.0 kg |
Trained | 3 mg/kg in capsules | 60 min pre-exercise | Glucose capsules | Track (400 m) | 8 km time ↑ | TTP |
| Clarke et al., 2018 United Kingdo [23] |
13 (13/0) 24 ± 6 years 69.3 ± 4.7 kg |
Trained | 0.09 g/kg coffee (including 3 mg/kg) | 60 min pre-exercise | 1. Decaffeinated coffee in warm water 2. Warm water with coffee flavor and color |
Indoor 200 m running track with banked curves | mile race ↑ | TTP |
| Cohen et al., 1996 United States of America [42] |
7 (5/2) 33.29 ± 9.18 years NI |
Trained | 1. 5 mg/kg in capsules 2. 9 mg/kg in capsules |
60 min pre-exercise | Baking flour capsules | Outdoor road | 21 km runs NS | TTP |
| Dittrich et al., 2021 Brazil [44] |
12 (12/0) 31.3 ± 6.4 years 70.5 ± 6.6 kg |
Trained | 300 mg in chewing gum | immediately pre-exercise | Noncaffeinated chewing gum | Treadmill | TTE test ↑ | TTE |
| Graham and Spriet 1991 Canada [45] |
7 (6/1) 28.3 ± 5.63 years 67.2 ± 8.33 kg |
Trained | 9 mg/kg in capsules | 60 min pre-exercise | 9 mg/kg dextrose capsules | Treadmill | TTE test ↑ | TTE |
| Graham and Sathasivam 1998 Canada [46] |
9 (8/1) 21.1 ± 6.5 years 73.1 ± 5.5 kg |
Recreational | 1. 4.5 mg/kg in capsules 2. regular coffee (including 4.5 mg/kg) 3. decaffeinated coffee plus 4.5.mg/kg in capsules |
60 min pre-exercise | 1. decaffeinated coffee 2. dextrose capsules |
Treadmill | TTE test ↑ | TTE |
| Hanson et al., 2019 USA [24] |
10 (6/4) 26 ± 9 years 72.1 ± 8.7 kg |
Trained | 1. 3 mg/kg in a flavored water-based drink 2. 6 mg/kg in a flavored water-based drink |
60 min pre-exercise | Flavored water-based drink without caffeine | Treadmill | 10 km runs NS | TTP |
| Kasper et al., 2016 Tunisia [47] |
8 (8/0) 22 ± 2 years 70.8 ± 8.1 kg |
Recreational | 200 mg in capsules/ + carbohydrate mouth rinse | immediately pre-exercise | placebo capsules + carbohydrate rinse | Treadmill | TTE test ↑ | TTE |
| Khcharem et al., 2021 Tunisia [48] |
13 (13/0) 21.3 ± 0.8 years 66.5 ± 7.8 kg |
Recreational | 3 mg/kg in capsules | 90 min pre-exercise | 3 mg/kg sucrose capsules | Track (400 m) | 3 km runs ↑ | TTP |
| Khcharem et al. a 2022 Tunisia [30] |
10 (10/0) 21.7 ± 1.1 66.7 ± 8.7 kg |
Recreational | 5 mg/kg in capsules | 90 min pre-exercise | NI capsules | Track (400 m) | 8 km runs ↑ | TTP |
| Khcharem et al. b 2022 Tunisia [49] |
12 (12/0) 21.7 ± 0.9 years 64.4 ± 9.4 kg |
Recreational | 6 mg/kg in capsules | 90 min pre-exercise | 6 mg/kg sucrose capsules | Track (400 m) | TTE test ↑ | TTE |
| Manoel et al., 2021 Brazil [25] |
15 (15/0) 25.2 ± 2.8 years 79.9 ± 7.7 kg |
Recreational | 6 mg/kg in capsules | 60 min pre-exercise | Empty capsules | Track (400 m) | 10 km runs NS | TTP |
| Marques et al., 2018 Brazil [26] |
12 (12/0) 23.50 ± 3.94 years 70.38 ± 8.41 kg |
Recreational | 5.5 mg/kg in soluble coffee | 60 min pre-exercise | Decaffeinated coffee | Track (400 m) | 800 m run NS | TTP |
| O’Rourke et al., 2008 Australia [50] |
15 (NI) 32.2 ± 8.8 years 68.9 ± 6.1 kg |
Trained | 5 mg/kg in tablets | 60 min pre-exercise | 5 mg/kg sugar tablets | Track (400 m) | 5 km run ↑ | TTP |
| Ping et al., 2010 Malaysia [51] |
9 (9/0) 25.4 + 6.9 years 57.6 + 8.4 kg |
Recreational | 5 mg/kg in capsules | 60 in pre-exercise | 5 mg/kg placebo capsules | Treadmill | TTE test ↑ | TTE |
| Ramos-Campo et al., 2019 Spain [52] |
15 (15/0) 23.7 ± 8.2 years 64.6 ± 9.8 kg |
Trained | 6 mg/kg in capsules | 60 min pre-exercise | 6 mg/kg sucrose capsules | Track (400 m) | 800 m run NS | TTP |
| Rohloff et al., 2022 Brazil [7] |
22 (22/0) 25.5 ± 8.4 years 75.0 ± 7.1 kg |
Recreational | 4 mg/kg in capsules | 60 min pre-exercise | 4 mg/kg maltodextrin capsules | Treadmill | 4 km runs NS | TTP |
| Whalley et al., 2019 New Zealand [34] |
14 (10/4) 40 ± 8 years 69 ± 11 kg |
Recreational | 1. 200–300 mg in chewing gum 2. 200–300 mg in tablets 3. 200–300 mg in mouth strips |
15 min pre-exercise | 300 mg glucose powder capsule | Road | 5 km runs ↑ | TTP |
TTP time trial performance; TTE, time to exhaustion; NI, not informed; NS, a no statistically significant difference between caffeine condition and placebo condition; ↑, a statistically significant difference between caffeine condition and placebo condition indicating an ergogenic effect of caffeine.