Table 1.
Population characteristics. Characteristics of the total subject population and the subset of subjects that provided urine for analysis of coffee metabolites. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
| Parameters | Values | |
|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 156) |
With Urine Data (n = 98) | |
| Age (yr) | 59 ± 9 | 60 ± 6 |
| Sex distribution (F/M) | 76/80 | 52/46 |
| Type 2 Diabetes incidence & duration (yr) | 135/156 (87%), 11 ± 7 | 98/98 (100%), 11 ± 6 |
| Body mass index (BMI, kg·m−2) | 29 ± 5 | 30 ± 4 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, U·L−1) | 23 ± 6 | 22 ± 4 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, U·L−1) | 27 ± 12 | 26 ± 7 |
| γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT, U·L−1) | 31 ± 21 | 31 ± 14 |
| Fibrosis (transient elastography, kPa) | 5.7 ± 2.9 | 6.1 ± 2.1 |
| Steatosis (controlled attenuation parameter, dB·m−1) | 283 ± 56 | 290 ± 44 |
| Fatty liver index (FLI) score | 60 ± 26 | 63 ± 20 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg·dL−1) | 180 ± 39 | 178 ± 32 |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg·dL−1) | 51 ± 11 | 49 ± 9 |
| LDL-Cholesterol (mg·dL−1) | 121 ± 32 | 120 ± 27 |
| Triglyceride (mg·dL−1) | 141 ± 66 | 149 ± 53 |
| Glucose (mg·dL−1) | 145 ± 41 | 153 ± 31 |
| Insulin (µU·mL−1) | 11 ± 10 | 11 ± 7 |
| Zonulin (ng·mL−1) | 46 ± 10 | 48 ± 7 |
| Alcohol intake (alcohol units per week) | 8 ± 14 | 10 ± 16 |
Abbreviations: high-density lipoprotein (HDL); low-density lipoprotein (LDL).