AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AHR	aryl hydrocarbon receptor
CKD	chronic kidney disease
CNS	central nervous system
CVD	cardiovascular disease
CYPs	Cytochrome P450 enzymes
eNOS	endothelial nitric oxide synthase
GI	gastrointestinal
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide-1
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
HK-2	proximal tubular cells
HL-1	murine cardiomyocytes
Huh7	human hepatoma cell line
IAA	indole acetic acid
IBD	inflammatory bowel disease
IPA	indole propionic acid
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
LX-2	human hepatic stellate cell line
MDA	malondialdehyde
MMP	mitochondrial membrane potential
MUC2	mucin 2
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH	non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
OAT	organic anion transporter
PPARs	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
PXR	pregnane X receptor
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SD	Sprague–Dawley
Stat3	transcription 3
TB	tuberculosis
TGF-β1	transforming growth factor-β1
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
Trp	tryptophan
TJ	tight junction
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
WD	Western diet