Table 4.
Associations between clinical parameters at hospitalization and CT scan findings and spirometry parameters.
| CT findings (n = 988) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persistent pulmonary infiltrate |
|||||
| Predictors | No (n = 666) | Yes (n = 322) | OR (univariable) | OR (complete cases) | OR (multiple imputation) |
| Antiviral treatment | 506 (76.0%) | 275 (85.4%) | 1.85 (1.30–2.67, p = 0.001) | 1.43 (0.94–2.21, p = 0.099) | 1.66 (1.14–2.40, p = 0.008) |
| Prone position | 328 (49.6%) | 227 (70.5%) | 2.43 (1.83–3.23, p < 0.001) | 1.72 (1.17–2.54, p = 0.006) | 1.98 (1.44–2.71, p < 0.001) |
| ARDS complication | 472 (70.9%) | 276 (85.7%) | 2.47 (1.74–3.55, p < 0.001) | 1.35 (0.89–2.10, p = 0.165) | 1.93 (1.33–2.79, p = 0.001) |
| Neutrophil count at ICU admission, ×109/L | 7.9 (4.9) | 8.9 (4.5) | 1.22 (1.07–1.39, p = 0.002) | 1.17 (0.96–1.43, p = 0.118) | 1.13 (0.98–1.30, p = 0.103) |
| Platelet count at ICU admission, ×109/L | 251.4 (106.7) | 270.9 (103.3) | 1.19 (1.05–1.36, p = 0.007) | 1.18 (0.99–1.40, p = 0.057) | 1.17 (1.02–1.35, p = 0.030) |
| APACHE score | 11.1 (4.9) | 12.3 (5.7) | 1.26 (1.07–1.49, p = 0.006) | 1.14 (0.96–1.37, p = 0.143) | 1.13 (0.95–1.33, p = 0.161) |
| Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, mmHg (max) | 46.6 (11.1) | 49.8 (13.6) | 1.29 (1.13–1.47, p < 0.001) | 1.08 (0.88–1.32, p = 0.444) | 1.09 (0.94–1.26, p = 0.258) |
| Emphysema |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | No (n = 932) | Yes (n = 56) | OR (univariable) | OR (complete cases) | OR (multiple imputation) |
| Smoking history | |||||
| Non smoker | 558 (61.9%) | 10 (18.2%) | – | – | – |
| Former | 313 (34.7%) | 43 (78.2%) | 7.67 (3.96–16.35, p < 0.001) | 7.67 (3.96–16.35, p < 0.001) | 7.04 (3.56–13.92, p < 0.001) |
| Current | 31 (3.4%) | 2 (3.6%) | 3.60 (0.54–14.42, p = 0.108) | 3.60 (0.54–14.42, p = 0.108) | 3.20 (0.67–15.11, p = 0.141) |
| Fibrotic lesions |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | No (n = 744) | Yes (n = 244) | OR (univariable) | OR (complete cases) | OR (multiple imputation) |
| NIMV duration, days | 1.6 (3.5) | 2.7 (6.7) | 1.24 (1.08–1.43, p = 0.002) | 1.25 (1.08–1.46, p = 0.003) | 1.23 (1.06–1.42, p = 0.006) |
| IMV duration, days | 12.3 (15.7) | 19.5 (19.8) | 1.46 (1.28–1.67, p < 0.001) | 1.18 (0.97–1.41, p = 0.087) | 1.21 (1.01–1.45, p = 0.036) |
| Prone duration, hours | 28.9 (44.5) | 46.6 (62.0) | 1.41 (1.21–1.64, p < 0.001) | 1.18 (0.99–1.41, p = 0.068) | 1.17 (0.98–1.39, p = 0.076) |
| Bacterial pneumonia | 166 (22.3%) | 97 (39.9%) | 2.31 (1.69–3.15, p < 0.001) | 1.71 (1.16–2.51, p = 0.006) | 1.62 (1.11–2.35, p = 0.012) |
| Spirometry (n = 1319) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FEV1 |
|||||
| Predictors | >80 (n = 886) | <80 (n = 433) | OR (univariable) | OR (complete cases) | OR (multiple imputation) |
| Chronic renal disease | 28 (2.8%) | 30 (9.3%) | 3.51 (2.06–6.00, p < 0.001) | 2.69 (1.48–4.87, p = 0.001) | 2.99 (1.71–5.24, p < 0.001) |
| Chronic lung disease | 58 (5.9%) | 40 (12.3%) | 2.27 (1.47–3.45, p < 0.001) | 1.83 (1.14–2.92, p = 0.011) | 1.9 (1.22–2.97, p = 0.005) |
| IMV duration, days | 12.0 (15.1) | 17.4 (20.9) | 1.33 (1.18–1.50, p < 0.001) | 1.33 (1.18–1.51, p < 0.001) | 1.3 (1.15–1.47, p < 0.001) |
| Urea at ICU admission, mg/dL | 43.9 (23.9) | 50.8 (30.0) | 1.28 (1.13–1.45, p < 0.001) | 1.13 (0.99–1.30, p = 0.076) | 1.12 (0.98–1.28, p = 0.101) |
| FVC |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | >80 (n = 991) | <80 (n = 324) | OR (univariable) | OR (complete cases) | OR (multiple imputation) |
| Chronic renal disease | 22 (2.5%) | 36 (8.3%) | 3.56 (2.08–6.22, p < 0.001) | 3.37 (1.94–5.96, p < 0.001) | 3.47 (1.99–6.06, p < 0.001) |
| NIMV duration, days | 1.4 (3.6) | 2.3 (5.6) | 1.23 (1.10–1.40, p = 0.001) | 1.22 (1.08–1.39, p = 0.002) | 1.20 (1.06–1.37, p = 0.004) |
| IMV duration, days | 11.3 (14.3) | 17.3 (20.4) | 1.42 (1.26–1.59, p < 0.001) | 1.41 (1.26–1.59, p < 0.001) | 1.42 (1.26–1.60, p < 0.001) |
Abbreviations: CT, chest thorax; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit; NIMV, non-invasive mechanic ventilation; IMV, invasive mechanic ventilation; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, Forced vital capacity. Note: odds ratios are presented for the 1-SD change of continuous variable. In descriptive data, mean (SD) or n(%) accordingly.