Table 1.
Sociodemographic and seroprevalence of CCHF in cattle and goats
| Characteristics | Cattle (n = 117) | Goats (n = 93) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n (%) | Negative n (%) | Positive n (%) | P-value | Total n (%) | Negative n (%) | Positive n (%) | P-value | |
| Overall seropositivity | 7 (6.0) | 110 (94.0) | 10 (10.7) | 83 (89.3) | ||||
| Sub-county | ||||||||
| Kaliro | 29 (24.8) | 2 (6.9) | 27 (93.1) | 0.949 | 35 (37.6) | 1 (2.9) | 34 (97.1) | 0.014 |
| Kasagama | 39 (33.3) | 2 (5.1) | 37 (94.9) | 20 (21.5) | 6 (30.0) | 14 (97.1) | ||
| Kinuanka | 19 (16.2) | 1 (5.3) | 18 (94.7) | 10 (10.8) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (100.0) | ||
| Lyakajjula | 20 (17.1) | 2 (10.0) | 18 (90.0) | 28 (30.1) | 3 (10.2) | 25 (89.3) | ||
| Lyantonde | 10 (8.6) | 0 (0) | 10 (100.0) | – | – | – | ||
| Animal sex | ||||||||
| Male | 5 (4.3) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | 0.180 | 11 (11.8) | 5 (45.5) | 6 (54.5) | P < 0.000 |
| Female | 112 (95.7) | 6 (5.4) | 105 (94.6) | 82 (88.2) | 6 (6.1) | 77 (93.9) | ||
| Animal breed | ||||||||
| Indigenous | 12 (10.3) | 1 (8.3) | 11 (91.7) | 0.717 | 36 (38.7) | 7 (19.4) | 29 (80.6) | 0.032 |
| Crossbreed | 105 (89.7) | 6 (5.7) | 99 (94.3) | 57 (61.3) | 3 (61.3) | 54 (94.7) | ||
| Animal age | ||||||||
| < 2 years | 31 (26.5) | 4 (12.9) | 27 (89.1) | 0.164 | 43 (46.2) | 6 (14.0) | 37 (86.0) | 0.289 |
| 2–4 years | 21 (17.9) | 1 (4.8) | 20 (95.2) | 22 (23.7) | 3 (13.6) | 19 (86.4) | ||
| > 4 years | 65 (55.6) | 2 (3.1) | 63 (96.9) | 28 (30.1) | 1 (3.6) | 27 (96.4) | ||
| Body temperature | ||||||||
| ≤ 38 °C | 24 (20.5) | 1 (4.2) | 23 (93.2) | 0.888 | 41 (44.1) | 5 (12.2) | 36 (87.8) | 0.095 |
| 38.1–39.2 °C | 74 (63.3) | 5(6.8) | 69 (93.2) | 29 (31.2) | 5 (17.2) | 24 (82 .8) | ||
| ≥ 39.3 °C | 19 (16.2) | 1 (5.3) | 18 (94.7) | 23 (24.7) | 0 (0.0) | 23 (100.0) | ||
| Herd size | ||||||||
| < 50 | 20 (17.1) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (100.0) | 0.194 | 21 (22.6) | 3 (14.3) | 18 (85.7) | 0.764 |
| 50–99 | 20 (17.1) | 1 (5.0) | 19 (95.0) | 57 (61.3) | 6 (10.5) | 51 (89.5) | ||
| 100–149 | 49 (41.9) | 2 (4.1) | 47 (95.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 150–199 | 9 (7.7) | 1 (11.1) | 8 (88.9) | 15 (16.1) | 1 (6.8) | 14 (93.3) | ||
| > 200 | 19 (16.2) | 3 (15.8) | 16 (84.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Tick count | ||||||||
| No ticks | 12 (10.3) | 1 (8.3) | 11(91.7) | 0.540 | 13 (14.0) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (100.0) | 0.537 |
| < 50 | 86 (73.5) | 6 (7.0) | 80 (93.0) | 77 (82.8) | 10 (13.0) | 67 (87.0) | ||
| > 50 | 19 (16.2) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (100.0) | 3 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | ||
| Production system | ||||||||
| Tethering | 14 (12.0) | 2(14.3) | 12 (85.7) | 0.168 | 20 (21.5) | 6 (30.0) | 14 (70.0) | 0.011 |
| Fence/paddocks | 39 (33.3) | 3 (7.7) | 36 (92.3) | 38 (40.9) | 3 (7.8) | 35 (92.1) | ||
| Pastoralism | 64 (54.7) | 2 (3.1) | 62 (96.8) | 35 (37.6) | 1 (2.9) | 34 (97.1) | ||
| Acaricide application | ||||||||
| Once a week | 117 (100.0) | 7 (6.0) | 110 (94.0) | – | 93 (100.0) | 10 (10.8) | 83 (89.2) | – |
| History of tick-borne diseases | ||||||||
| Anaplasmosis | 20 (17.1) | 1 (5.0) | 19 (95.0) | 0.658 | 15 (100.0) | 1 (6.7) | 14 (93.3) | – |
| East Coast fever | 97 (82.9) | 6 (6.2) | 91 (93.0) | – | – | – | ||
Demographic characteristics and CCHF seropositivity clustered by animal species
Temperature (°C) is rectal temperature of the animals measured in degrees Celsius, N is the total number of samples tested for the respective animal species, n is CCHF seroprevalence in numbers and % is seroprevalence expressed as percentages for the respective characteristic