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. 2023 Jan 7;20:6. doi: 10.1186/s12974-023-02690-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — SS-31’s autophagy-activating and pyroptosis-inhibiting effects are inhibited by CQ. A–C Representative double immunostaining images of LC3/NeuN and p62/NeuN in the injured spinal cord lesions from each group (the Sham, Sham + CQ, SCI, SCI + SS-31, SCI + SS-31 + CQ groups) at 3 dpi (scale bar = 25 μm). The number of LC3 II puncta and the integrated density of p62 in each neuron are shown on the graph. D Typical images of WB analyses of VPS34, Beclin-1, p62, and LC3 in the injured spinal cord lesions. GAPDH was utilized as a loading control. E Quantified data of the WB results for autophagy-related proteins. F–H Representative double immunostaining images of Caspase-1/NeuN and NLRP3/NeuN in the injured spinal cord lesions from each group (the SCI, SCI + SS-31, SCI + SS-31 + CQ groups) at 3 dpi (scale bar = 25 μm). The quantitative integrated density of Caspase-1 and NLRP3 in each neuron is shown on the graph. I Typical images of WB analyses of Caspase-1, GSDMD-N, NLRP3, NLRP1, ASC, IL-1β and IL-18 in the injured spinal cord lesions. GAPDH was utilized as a loading control. J The quantified data of the WB results from pyroptosis-related proteins. The data are shown as the mean ± SEM. (n = 5 every group); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. ns indicates no significance