Table 4.
Effects of daidzein and genistein excretion rates as a measure of isoflavone exposure on square-root transformed FGBT, FBT and FGBT% in a double blind, placebo-controlled study of premenopausal women, 68 assigned to isoflavones and 67 to placebo.
Outcome | Effect | Model 1† | Model 2† | Model 3† | Model 4† | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isoflavones | Model 1, Calcium (Ca2+) |
Model 2, Isoflavones × Ca2+ |
Model 3, Age at entry, Race, BMI |
||||||||||
β-Estimate (SE) | p value | β-Estimate (SE) | p value | β-Estimate (SE) | p value | β-Estimate (SE) | p value | ||||||
FGBT (cc) | Daidzein (DE) | −0.413 | (0.162) | 0.011 | −0.430 | (0.162) | 0.009 | −0.444 | (0.163) | 0.007 | −0.460 | (0.164) | 0.005 |
Ca2+ | 0.287 | (0.255) | 0.262 | 0.326 | (0.258) | 0.207 | 0.372 | (0.260) | 0.155 | ||||
DE×Ca2+ | 0.482 | (0.509) | 0.345 | 0.597 | (0.514) | 0.247 | |||||||
Genistein (GE) | −1.064 | (0.567) | 0.062 | −1.135 | (0.569) | 0.047 | −1.151 | (0.569) | 0.044 | −1.180 | (0.572) | 0.040 | |
Ca2+ | 0.283 | (0.257) | 0.271 | 0.308 | (0.260) | 0.237 | 0.348 | (0.262) | 0.185 | ||||
GE×Ca2+ | 1.073 | (1.709) | 0.531 | 1.407 | (1.726) | 0.416 | |||||||
DE + GE | −0.314 | (0.128) | 0.015 | −0.328 | (0.129) | 0.011 | −0.338 | (0.129) | 0.009 | −0.350 | (0.130) | 0.008 | |
Ca2+ | 0.289 | (0.255) | 0.259 | 0.326 | (0.258) | 0.208 | 0.372 | (0.261) | 0.156 | ||||
(DE + GE)×Ca2+ | 0.356 | (0.399) | 0.373 | 0.446 | (0.403) | 0.270 | |||||||
DE − GE | −0.571 | (0.215) | 0.008 | −0.589 | (0.215) | 0.007 | −0.610 | (0.215) | 0.005 | −0.635 | (0.216) | 0.004 | |
Ca2+ | 0.279 | (0.254) | 0.274 | 0.319 | (0.257) | 0.215 | 0.365 | (0.259 | 0.161 | ||||
(DE − GE)×Ca2+ | 0.688 | (0.686) | 0.317 | 0.841 | (0.692) | 0.226 | |||||||
FBT (cc) | Daidzein (DE) | 0.296 | (0.296) | 0.318 | 0.353 | (0.297) | 0.237 | 0.393 | (0.293) | 0.181 | 0.120 | (0.231) | 0.606 |
Ca2+ | −1.096 | (0.476) | 0.022 | −1.268 | (0.475) | 0.008 | −0.571 | (0.368) | 0.122 | ||||
DE×Ca2+ | −2.289 | (0.932) | 0.015 | −0.211 | (0.726) | 0.771 | |||||||
Genistein (GE) | 1.446 | (1.018) | 0.157 | 1.670 | (1.027) | 0.105 | 1.705 | (1.016) | 0.095 | 0.981 | (0.801) | 0.222 | |
Ca2+ | −1.117 | (0.474) | 0.019 | −1.254 | (0.475) | 0.009 | −0.585 | (0.366) | 0.112 | ||||
GE×Ca2+ | −6.400 | (3.085) | 0.039 | −0.012 | (2.414) | 0.996 | |||||||
DE + GE | 0.260 | (0.234) | 0.266 | 0.308 | (0.235) | 0.192 | 0.336 | (0.232) | 0.149 | 0.125 | (0.183) | 0.495 | |
Ca2+ | −1.102 | (0.475) | 0.021 | −1.273 | (0.475) | 0.008 | −0.575 | (0.368) | 0.119 | ||||
(DE + GE)×Ca2+ | −1.762 | (0.728) | 0.016 | −0.135 | (0.568) | 0.813 | |||||||
DE − GE | 0.310 | (0.392) | 0.431 | 0.377 | (0.394) | 0.340 | 0.437 | (0.389) | 0.262 | 0.069 | (0.307) | 0.823 | |
Ca2+ | −1.085 | (0.476) | 0.024 | −1.249 | (0.475) | 0.009 | −0.563 | (0.367) | 0.126 | ||||
(DE − GE)×Ca2+ | −3.086 | (1.260) | 0.015 | −0.364 | (0.128) | 0.710 | |||||||
FGBT% | Daidzein (DE) | −0.138 | (0.066) | 0.038 | −0.151 | (0.066) | 0.022 | −0.161 | (0.066) | 0.015 | −0.126 | (0.059) | 0.035 |
Ca2+ | 0.239 | (0.104) | 0.022 | 0.267 | (0.104) | 0.011 | 0.145 | (0.094) | 0.127 | ||||
DE×Ca2+ | 0.338 | (0.206) | 0.102 | 0.086 | (0.187) | 0.646 | |||||||
Genistein (GE) | −0.396 | (0.229) | 0.086 | −0.453 | (0.230) | 0.050 | −0.466 | (0.229) | 0.043 | −0.380 | (0.207) | 0.068 | |
Ca2+ | 0.240 | (0.104) | 0.022 | 0.260 | (0.105) | 0.014 | 0.140 | (0.095) | 0.140 | ||||
GE×Ca2+ | 0.855 | (0.689) | 0.216 | 0.064 | (0.623) | 0.918 | |||||||
DE + GE | −0.107 | (0.052) | 0.042 | −0.118 | (0.052) | 0.024 | −0.125 | (0.052) | 0.017 | −0.098 | (0.047) | 0.038 | |
Ca2+ | 0.240 | (0.104) | 0.021 | 0.267 | (0.104) | 0.011 | 0.145 | (0.095) | 0.127 | ||||
(DE + GE)×Ca2+ | 0.255 | (0.161) | 0.114 | 0.057 | (0.146) | 0.696 | |||||||
DE − GE | −0.184 | (0.087) | 0.036 | −0.200 | (0.087) | 0.023 | −0.214 | (0.087) | 0.015 | −0.166 | (0.079) | 0.036 | |
Ca2+ | 0.236 | (0.103) | 0.023 | 0.264 | (0.104) | 0.012 | 0.143 | (0.094) | 0.130 | ||||
(DE − GE)×Ca2+ | 0.469 | (0.277) | 0.092 | 0.140 | (0.252) | 0.580 |
All models included treatment duration (years). β-estimates of treatment duration, age at entry, race, and BMI are not shown. DE and GE from 12 hr urine samples and Ca2+ from sera were mean-centered.