. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Oct 26;52:158–168. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.10.007

Table 4.

Effects of daidzein and genistein excretion rates as a measure of isoflavone exposure on square-root transformed FGBT, FBT and FGBT% in a double blind, placebo-controlled study of premenopausal women, 68 assigned to isoflavones and 67 to placebo.

Outcome	Effect	Model 1^†			Model 2^†			Model 3^†			Model 4^†
		Isoflavones			Model 1, Calcium (Ca²⁺)			Model 2, Isoflavones × Ca²⁺			Model 3, Age at entry, Race, BMI
		β-Estimate (SE)		p value	β-Estimate (SE)		p value	β-Estimate (SE)		p value	β-Estimate (SE)		p value
FGBT (cc)	Daidzein (DE)	−0.413	(0.162)	0.011	−0.430	(0.162)	0.009	−0.444	(0.163)	0.007	−0.460	(0.164)	0.005
	Ca²⁺				0.287	(0.255)	0.262	0.326	(0.258)	0.207	0.372	(0.260)	0.155
	DE×Ca²⁺							0.482	(0.509)	0.345	0.597	(0.514)	0.247
	Genistein (GE)	−1.064	(0.567)	0.062	−1.135	(0.569)	0.047	−1.151	(0.569)	0.044	−1.180	(0.572)	0.040
	Ca²⁺				0.283	(0.257)	0.271	0.308	(0.260)	0.237	0.348	(0.262)	0.185
	GE×Ca²⁺							1.073	(1.709)	0.531	1.407	(1.726)	0.416
	DE + GE	−0.314	(0.128)	0.015	−0.328	(0.129)	0.011	−0.338	(0.129)	0.009	−0.350	(0.130)	0.008
	Ca²⁺				0.289	(0.255)	0.259	0.326	(0.258)	0.208	0.372	(0.261)	0.156
	(DE + GE)×Ca²⁺							0.356	(0.399)	0.373	0.446	(0.403)	0.270
	DE − GE	−0.571	(0.215)	0.008	−0.589	(0.215)	0.007	−0.610	(0.215)	0.005	−0.635	(0.216)	0.004
	Ca²⁺				0.279	(0.254)	0.274	0.319	(0.257)	0.215	0.365	(0.259	0.161
	(DE − GE)×Ca²⁺							0.688	(0.686)	0.317	0.841	(0.692)	0.226
FBT (cc)	Daidzein (DE)	0.296	(0.296)	0.318	0.353	(0.297)	0.237	0.393	(0.293)	0.181	0.120	(0.231)	0.606
	Ca²⁺				−1.096	(0.476)	0.022	−1.268	(0.475)	0.008	−0.571	(0.368)	0.122
	DE×Ca²⁺							−2.289	(0.932)	0.015	−0.211	(0.726)	0.771
	Genistein (GE)	1.446	(1.018)	0.157	1.670	(1.027)	0.105	1.705	(1.016)	0.095	0.981	(0.801)	0.222
	Ca²⁺				−1.117	(0.474)	0.019	−1.254	(0.475)	0.009	−0.585	(0.366)	0.112
	GE×Ca²⁺							−6.400	(3.085)	0.039	−0.012	(2.414)	0.996
	DE + GE	0.260	(0.234)	0.266	0.308	(0.235)	0.192	0.336	(0.232)	0.149	0.125	(0.183)	0.495
	Ca²⁺				−1.102	(0.475)	0.021	−1.273	(0.475)	0.008	−0.575	(0.368)	0.119
	(DE + GE)×Ca²⁺							−1.762	(0.728)	0.016	−0.135	(0.568)	0.813
	DE − GE	0.310	(0.392)	0.431	0.377	(0.394)	0.340	0.437	(0.389)	0.262	0.069	(0.307)	0.823
	Ca²⁺				−1.085	(0.476)	0.024	−1.249	(0.475)	0.009	−0.563	(0.367)	0.126
	(DE − GE)×Ca²⁺							−3.086	(1.260)	0.015	−0.364	(0.128)	0.710
FGBT%	Daidzein (DE)	−0.138	(0.066)	0.038	−0.151	(0.066)	0.022	−0.161	(0.066)	0.015	−0.126	(0.059)	0.035
	Ca²⁺				0.239	(0.104)	0.022	0.267	(0.104)	0.011	0.145	(0.094)	0.127
	DE×Ca²⁺							0.338	(0.206)	0.102	0.086	(0.187)	0.646
	Genistein (GE)	−0.396	(0.229)	0.086	−0.453	(0.230)	0.050	−0.466	(0.229)	0.043	−0.380	(0.207)	0.068
	Ca²⁺				0.240	(0.104)	0.022	0.260	(0.105)	0.014	0.140	(0.095)	0.140
	GE×Ca²⁺							0.855	(0.689)	0.216	0.064	(0.623)	0.918
	DE + GE	−0.107	(0.052)	0.042	−0.118	(0.052)	0.024	−0.125	(0.052)	0.017	−0.098	(0.047)	0.038
	Ca²⁺				0.240	(0.104)	0.021	0.267	(0.104)	0.011	0.145	(0.095)	0.127
	(DE + GE)×Ca²⁺							0.255	(0.161)	0.114	0.057	(0.146)	0.696
	DE − GE	−0.184	(0.087)	0.036	−0.200	(0.087)	0.023	−0.214	(0.087)	0.015	−0.166	(0.079)	0.036
	Ca²⁺				0.236	(0.103)	0.023	0.264	(0.104)	0.012	0.143	(0.094)	0.130
	(DE − GE)×Ca²⁺							0.469	(0.277)	0.092	0.140	(0.252)	0.580

^†

All models included treatment duration (years). β-estimates of treatment duration, age at entry, race, and BMI are not shown. DE and GE from 12 hr urine samples and Ca²⁺ from sera were mean-centered.