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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Oct 26;52:158–168. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.10.007

Table 4.

Effects of daidzein and genistein excretion rates as a measure of isoflavone exposure on square-root transformed FGBT, FBT and FGBT% in a double blind, placebo-controlled study of premenopausal women, 68 assigned to isoflavones and 67 to placebo.

Outcome Effect Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Isoflavones Model 1,
Calcium (Ca2+)
Model 2,
Isoflavones × Ca2+
Model 3,
Age at entry, Race, BMI
β-Estimate (SE) p value β-Estimate (SE) p value β-Estimate (SE) p value β-Estimate (SE) p value
FGBT (cc) Daidzein (DE) −0.413 (0.162) 0.011 −0.430 (0.162) 0.009 −0.444 (0.163) 0.007 −0.460 (0.164) 0.005
Ca2+ 0.287 (0.255) 0.262 0.326 (0.258) 0.207 0.372 (0.260) 0.155
DE×Ca2+ 0.482 (0.509) 0.345 0.597 (0.514) 0.247
Genistein (GE) −1.064 (0.567) 0.062 −1.135 (0.569) 0.047 −1.151 (0.569) 0.044 −1.180 (0.572) 0.040
Ca2+ 0.283 (0.257) 0.271 0.308 (0.260) 0.237 0.348 (0.262) 0.185
GE×Ca2+ 1.073 (1.709) 0.531 1.407 (1.726) 0.416
DE + GE −0.314 (0.128) 0.015 −0.328 (0.129) 0.011 −0.338 (0.129) 0.009 −0.350 (0.130) 0.008
Ca2+ 0.289 (0.255) 0.259 0.326 (0.258) 0.208 0.372 (0.261) 0.156
(DE + GE)×Ca2+ 0.356 (0.399) 0.373 0.446 (0.403) 0.270
DE − GE −0.571 (0.215) 0.008 −0.589 (0.215) 0.007 −0.610 (0.215) 0.005 −0.635 (0.216) 0.004
Ca2+ 0.279 (0.254) 0.274 0.319 (0.257) 0.215 0.365 (0.259 0.161
(DE − GE)×Ca2+ 0.688 (0.686) 0.317 0.841 (0.692) 0.226
FBT (cc) Daidzein (DE) 0.296 (0.296) 0.318 0.353 (0.297) 0.237 0.393 (0.293) 0.181 0.120 (0.231) 0.606
Ca2+ −1.096 (0.476) 0.022 −1.268 (0.475) 0.008 −0.571 (0.368) 0.122
DE×Ca2+ −2.289 (0.932) 0.015 −0.211 (0.726) 0.771
Genistein (GE) 1.446 (1.018) 0.157 1.670 (1.027) 0.105 1.705 (1.016) 0.095 0.981 (0.801) 0.222
Ca2+ −1.117 (0.474) 0.019 −1.254 (0.475) 0.009 −0.585 (0.366) 0.112
GE×Ca2+ −6.400 (3.085) 0.039 −0.012 (2.414) 0.996
DE + GE 0.260 (0.234) 0.266 0.308 (0.235) 0.192 0.336 (0.232) 0.149 0.125 (0.183) 0.495
Ca2+ −1.102 (0.475) 0.021 −1.273 (0.475) 0.008 −0.575 (0.368) 0.119
(DE + GE)×Ca2+ −1.762 (0.728) 0.016 −0.135 (0.568) 0.813
DE − GE 0.310 (0.392) 0.431 0.377 (0.394) 0.340 0.437 (0.389) 0.262 0.069 (0.307) 0.823
Ca2+ −1.085 (0.476) 0.024 −1.249 (0.475) 0.009 −0.563 (0.367) 0.126
(DE − GE)×Ca2+ −3.086 (1.260) 0.015 −0.364 (0.128) 0.710
FGBT% Daidzein (DE) −0.138 (0.066) 0.038 −0.151 (0.066) 0.022 −0.161 (0.066) 0.015 −0.126 (0.059) 0.035
Ca2+ 0.239 (0.104) 0.022 0.267 (0.104) 0.011 0.145 (0.094) 0.127
DE×Ca2+ 0.338 (0.206) 0.102 0.086 (0.187) 0.646
Genistein (GE) −0.396 (0.229) 0.086 −0.453 (0.230) 0.050 −0.466 (0.229) 0.043 −0.380 (0.207) 0.068
Ca2+ 0.240 (0.104) 0.022 0.260 (0.105) 0.014 0.140 (0.095) 0.140
GE×Ca2+ 0.855 (0.689) 0.216 0.064 (0.623) 0.918
DE + GE −0.107 (0.052) 0.042 −0.118 (0.052) 0.024 −0.125 (0.052) 0.017 −0.098 (0.047) 0.038
Ca2+ 0.240 (0.104) 0.021 0.267 (0.104) 0.011 0.145 (0.095) 0.127
(DE + GE)×Ca2+ 0.255 (0.161) 0.114 0.057 (0.146) 0.696
DE − GE −0.184 (0.087) 0.036 −0.200 (0.087) 0.023 −0.214 (0.087) 0.015 −0.166 (0.079) 0.036
Ca2+ 0.236 (0.103) 0.023 0.264 (0.104) 0.012 0.143 (0.094) 0.130
(DE − GE)×Ca2+ 0.469 (0.277) 0.092 0.140 (0.252) 0.580

All models included treatment duration (years). β-estimates of treatment duration, age at entry, race, and BMI are not shown. DE and GE from 12 hr urine samples and Ca2+ from sera were mean-centered.