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. 2023 Jan 7;13:367. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-27248-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Correlates of fast ripple (FR) resection ratios and relative rates with outcome. (A) Violin plots of FR frequency distribution stratified by the resected electrodes and post-operative seizure outcome Engel (E) class. Fast ripples were increased in frequency in the resection margins of E1 patients (GLMM, p < 1e-10), but decreased in frequency in the resection margins of E2-4 patients (GLMM, p < 1e-8)(B) Box plot of the FR resection ratio (RR) stratified by Engel class for FR > 350 Hz (top, p > 0.05 spearman rank correlation) and all FR irrespective of frequency (bottom, p > 0.05 spearman). (C) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of seizure-free classification (E1,green) and improvement classification (E < 4,black) by FR > 350 Hz rates (top) and all FR rates (bottom) including the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The RR cutoff was 0.192 and 0.366 for FR > 350 Hz and all FR for seizure-free classification, respectively. The RR cutoff was 0.192 and 0.272 for FR > 350 Hz and all FR for improvement classification, respectively.