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. 2023 Jan 7;14:109. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35780-7

Fig. 3. In vivo spectra collected during routine ERCP clinical procedures in bile ducts and tissue physiological parameters extracted from DRS.

Fig. 3

Typical white light spectra of benign (a), inflammation (b), and high-grade dysplasia (c) sites collected with LSS-DRS probe (circles) at 120 µm (blue) and 240 µm (green) source-detector separations and three-parameter fits (solid lines). Hemoglobin concentration cHb (d), oxygen saturation α (e), and scattering power γ (f) in the underlying connective tissue reconstructed from in vivo DRS data for all bile duct sites. The bar heights represent the mean values for each category and the error bars represent standard deviation. Each circle represents an individual measurement site, including 53 benign (BNG), 49 inflammation (INF), 9 low-grade dysplasia (LGD), and 50 high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or cancer (CAN) sites. A one-way Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was used in (d) and (e), and a one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was used in (f) (**P = 0.004 for INF vs. HGD/CAN for hemoglobin concentration, **P = 0.003 for BNG vs. HGD/CAN and ***P = 0.0003 for INF vs. HGD/CAN for oxygen saturation, ***P = 0.0005 for BNG vs. HGD for scattering power).