. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Neurol Sci. 2022 Sep 17;44(1):149–157. doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-06386-0

Table 3.

Associations of Biomarkers with Cognitive Impairment in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study

	10-year Cumulative Incidence of Cognitive Impairment
Baseline Biomarker	Model 1^a HR (95% CI)	Model 2^b HR (95% CI)
HbA1C %^c
Women	1.88 (1.29, 2.74)	1.75 (1.18, 2.59)
Men	0.86 (0.52, 1.43)	0.69 (0.40, 1.17)
Cadmium ≥0.53 μg/L	1.55 (0.90, 2.66)	1.24 (0.59, 2.58)
sVCAM-1 ≥635.4 ng/mL	1.79 (1.10, 2.89)	1.72 (1.05, 2.82)
WBC, per 10³/μL	1.11 (0.98, 1.25)	1.09 (0.96, 1.23)

Note. N=2143. Results are based on Cox proportional hazards models. HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; HbA1C: Hemoglobin A1C; sVCAM-1: soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; WBC: white blood cell count.

Model 1: Includes HbA1C, Cadmium, sVCAM-1, WBC and age and sex.

Model 2: Includes HbA1C, Cadmium, sVCAM-1, WBC and age, sex, education, current smoking, exercise, weekly alcohol consumption, history of head injury and cardiovascular disease.

Due to significant HbA1C by sex interaction, results are presented stratified by sex.