Figure 2.

Lipidomics analysis of ALS serum. (A) LSEA of lipid classes altered in ALS (n = 56) serum compared with controls (n = 44) was performed using the lipidr package for differential expression and discriminant analysis. Lipid expression intensities were normalized with probabilistic quotient normalization and log₂ transformed before being analysed for differential expression and significance set at adjusted P < 0.05. The significant lipids were ranked by NES and significance. A volcano plot shows altered lipid species (B) with DG species being the most significantly altered species (C). (D) A heatmap showing DG species in ALS compared with controls. (E) DG (18:1/18:1) species correlated significantly with NFL levels in ALS.