Table 1.
Summary table
| Study ID | Study setting | Study design and follow‐up plan | Sample size (exposure and control) | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Outcomes assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arruda (2014) | Brazil, Peru, three hospitals (Curitiba, Porto Alegre, and Ribeirão Preto) | Prospective cohort study; infants followed up for 1 year (monthly for the first 6 months and bimonthly for the next 6 months) telephonically | N = 303, ≤35 weeks (no controls) | ≤35 weeks and <6 months at enrollment b/w January 2008–December 2010 | Prior RSV infection or if they had received palivizumab or other RSV‐specific immunoglobulin products before the start of the study |
Primary outcome: 174/303 (58.1%) experienced LRTI. 27.8% experienced severe LRTI. RSV (30/45, 66.7%) than with other viruses. RSV was present in 33.1% (143/432) of LRTI events tested, and 57.3% (82/143) were coinfections. RSV was the most frequently associated with severe LRTIs (34/56 events, 60.7%), 50% (17/34 events), single and 50% coinfections. Longer hospital stays—RSV coinfections >RSV single infections (p = 0.012). |
| Armanian (2015) | Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, Single center | Retrospective study: followed up for 1 year of life | N = 495, low birth weight preterm infants | All preterm low birth weight infants | significant congenital anomalies and delayed discharge due to multiple parities | 15.3% (76) were readmitted during the first year of life. 32.9% (25) were admitted with pneumonia |
| Etiler (2002) | Antalya, Turkey, two primary healthcare centers | Prospective cohort study: infants followed up every 2 months until 1 year of age or moved out from the area | N = 216, term and preterm infants | All infants born in two primary healthcare centers during the study period | Not specified |
Acute respiratory infection: preterm versus term infants (RR [95% CI] 1.52 [1.25–1.85]). Death resulting from respiratory infection (1/216) but unclear whether the infant was a term or preterm |
| Maksic (2018) | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe, multiple centers | Prospective cohort study; one‐time follow‐up (end of RSV season) | N = 160, late preterm infants (no controls) | Preterm infants 33–35 weeks GA were born during the study period | Chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, RSV prophylaxis, and unable to follow‐up |
Respiratory infection requiring hospitalization (11.2%). RSV infection (requiring hospitalization) (4.37%). Hospitalization days median (IQR) 6 (3–14) |
| Martins (2015) | Ararangua, Brazil, maternity hospital | Prospective cohort study: infants followed up every 2 months until 1 year of age | N = 187, term and preterm (or low birth weight) infants | All infants born in a maternity hospital during the study period | Not specified | Pneumonia: adjusted RR 5.96 (1.75–20.4). Bronchiolitis: Adjusted RR 0.78 (0.31–1.94) |
| Miller (2012) | Bueno Aires, Argentina, Children's Hospital | Prospective cohort study; infants followed up every month until 1 year of age | N = 119 VLBW infants (no controls) | VLBW infants | Short life expectancy (6 months), known bleeding disorders, immune deficiencies, or orofacial malformations |
Acute lower respiratory infection (73.9%). Respiratory infection requiring hospitalization (27.7%) |
| Muller (2021) | Cape Town, South Africa, two governmental hospitals | Prospective cohort study; infants followed up until 1 year of age (1 week, 1, 3, 5, and 12 months) | N = 53 preterm infants (no controls) | Preterm infants 29–34 weeks GA were born during the study period | Unable to follow‐up, maternal HIV infection, any acute illness 2 weeks before enrollment or any known chronic illness |
Death resulting from respiratory infection (1.8%). Authors captured respiratory infections and hospitalization, but absolute rates are not provided |
| Ochoa (2014) | Lima, Peru, four hospitals (details not available) | Prospective cohort study; infants followed up every 2 weeks until 1 year of age to assess for respiratory infection | N = 222 VLBW infants (no controls) | <37 weeks and <1500 gm hospitalized infants b/w March 2009 and March 2010 | Unable to follow‐up for 1 year, infants who received immunoglobulin prophylaxis (such as RSV Ig, CMV Ig, or hyperimmunoglobulin) before discharge, congenital malformations, and infants older than 6 months at the time of discharge |
RSV infection rate (17%) Respiratory infection requiring hospitalization (22.7%). Death resulting from respiratory infection (0.47%) |
| Guerra (2019) | San Luis Potosi, Mexico, two hospitals | Prospective cohort study; infants followed up every month by telephonic calls and outpatient visits until 1 year of age | N = 294 infants (no controls) | <37 weeks hospitalized infants | Infants who died before discharge from the neonatal unit or those who we were unable to locate after discharge from the hospital were excluded from analysis |
18% (53) have one episode of ARI during the first 12 months of life. 4.8% (14) had confirmed RSV infection. The overall ARI hospitalization incidence was 278 episodes/1000 child‐years of follow‐up. Up to 22% of children require admission due to an ARI by 1 year of life |
| Chu (2016) | Nepal | Prospective cohort (no controls) Weekly visits for 180 days. Part of maternal randomized control trial on influenza vaccine | No details | All infants born in the time period to women who were enrolled in the influenza study | No details | 311 (9%) of 3509 RSV 0.220 infants (71%) were evaluated in the health system, and 41 (19%) visited hospital or physician. 203/287 (71%) had LRTI |
| Oncel (2012) | Turkey | Retrospective study. Main aim‐evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of palivizumab | 272 infants, 201 (Group 1), and 71 (Group 2) | <32 weeks, Gp1 with Pavlivizumab and Gp2 without pavlizumab | No details |
LRTI requiring hospitalization 18/272 (6.6%) LRTIs were identified using the ICD10 coding system (J12, J16, J17, and J18 for pneumonia; J21 for acute bronchiolitis) |
| Linder‐Jackson (2014) | Argentina | Prospective cohort study | 139 ARI samples, 66% were positive for HRV, and 53% of |
Premature infants weighing <1500 gm were enrolled in the NICU from June 2011 through October 2012. Infants were followed for the first year of life |
No details | 92 (66%) HRV positive. Seventy‐four of which have bronchiolitis, 32% hospitalization (50% for HRV, 15% RSV, and 15% MPV) |
Abbreviations: ARI, acute respiratory infection; CI, confidence interval; CMV, cytomegalovirus; GA, gestational age; HRV, human rhinovirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ICD, international classification of diseases; IQR, interquartile range; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; MPV, metapneumovirus; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; RR, relative risk; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; VLBW, very lower birth weight.