TABLE 1.
Characteristics and correlates of alcohol use in PWID using ASI at baseline
| Characteristics | How many days in the past 30 days have you used any alcohol (beer, wine, liquor) 0–30 days | How many days in the past 30 days have you used alcohol to intoxication (got a buzz or felt drunk) 0–30 days | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 day | ≥1 day | p‐value | 0 day | ≥1 day | p‐value | |
| (N = 103) | (N = 47) | (N = 114) | (N = 36) | |||
| mean ± SD/N | mean ± SD/N | mean ± SD/N | mean ± SD/N | |||
| (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | |||
| Age | 51.18 ± 11.08 | 51.43 ± 9.75 | 0.893 | 51.89 ± 10.70 | 49.25 ± 10.38 | 0.191 |
| Ethnicity | 0.409 | 0.781 | ||||
| Non‐Hispanic | 35 (34.0) | 21 (42.6) | 43 (37.7) | 12 (33.3) | ||
| Hispanic | 68 (66.0) | 27 (57.4) | 71 (62.3) | 24 (66.7) | ||
| Race | 0.149 | 0.388 | ||||
| African American | 22 (21.4) | 18 (38.3) | 29 (25.4) | 11 (30.6) | ||
| Latino | 61 (59.2) | 23 (48.9) | 65 (57.0) | 19 (52.8) | ||
| White | 10 (9.7) | 2 (4.3) | 11 (9.6) | 1 (2.8) | ||
| Other | 10 (9.7) | 4 (8.5) | 9 (7.9) | 5 (13.9) | ||
| Primary Language | 0.297 | 0.501 | ||||
| English | 71 (68.9) | 37 (78.7) | 80 (70.2) | 28 (77.8) | ||
| Other* (merged Spanish with other) | 32 (31.1) | 10 (21.3) | 34 (29.8) | 8 (22.2) | ||
| Sex | 0.562 | 0.830 | ||||
| Male | 68 (66.0) | 28 (59.6) | 74 (64.9) | 22 (61.1) | ||
| Female* (merged transgender with male) | 35 (34.0) | 19 (40.4) | 40 (35.1) | 14 (38.9) | ||
| Sex (at birth) | 0.486 | 0.755 | ||||
| Male | 69 (67.0) | 28 (59.6) | 75 (65.8) | 22 (61.1) | ||
| Female | 34 (33.0) | 19 (40.4) | 39 (34.2) | 14 (38.9) | ||
| Marital Status | 0.036 | 0.781 | ||||
| Married / living with partner | 44 (42.7) | 11 (23.4) | 43 (37.7) | 12 (33.3) | ||
| No partner | 59 (57.3) | 36 (76.6) | 71 (62.3) | 24 (66.7) | ||
| Education Level | 0.844 | 0.408 | ||||
| Not high school grad | 45 (43.7) | 19 (40.4) | 46 (40.4) | 18 (50.0) | ||
| High school grad | 58 (56.3) | 28 (59.6) | 68 (59.6) | 18 (50.0) | ||
| Employment | 0.851 | 0.971 | ||||
| Employed, full or part | 9 (8,7) | 3 (6.4) | 9 (7.9) | 3 (8.3) | ||
| Retired | 10 (9.7) | 4 (8.5) | 11 (9.6) | 3 (8.3) | ||
| Not employed | 84 (81.6) | 40 (85.1) | 94 (82.5) | 30 (83.3) | ||
| How many days have you experienced employment problems in the past 30 days 0–30 range | 6.98 ± 12.00 | 7.74 ± 12.62 | 0.728 | 7.21 ± 12.35 | 7.25 ± 11.71 | 0.986 |
| How troubled or bothered have you been by these employment problems in the past 30 days | 0.681 | 0.339 | ||||
| 0‐not at all | 6 (17.1) | 1 (6.2) | 7 (18.9) | 0 (0) | ||
| 1 = slightly | 5 (14.3) | 3 (18.8) | 6 (16.2) | 2 (14.3) | ||
| 2 = moderately | 8 (22.9) | 2 (12.5) | 8 (21.6) | 2 (14.3) | ||
| 3 = considerably | 8 (22.9) | 5 (31.2) | 8 (21.6) | 5 (35.7) | ||
| 4 = extremely | 8 (22.9) | 5 (31.2) | 8 (21.6) | 5 (35.7) | ||
| Homeless | 0.628 | 0.448 | ||||
| No | 78 (75.7) | 38 (80.9) | 86 (75.4) | 30 (83.3) | ||
| Yes | 25 (24.3) | 9 (19.1) | 28 (24.6) | 6 (16.7) | ||
| Controlled environment in past 30 days | 0.480 | 0.653 | ||||
| No | 85 (82.5) | 40 (85.1) | 95 (83.3) | 30 (83.3) | ||
| Alcohol/drug treatment | 11 (10.7) | 6 (12.8) | 12 (10.5) | 5 (13.9) | ||
| Other (Jail, Medical, Psychiatric, other) | 7 (6.8) | 1 (2.1) | 7 (6.1) | 1 (2.8) | ||
| Live with someone with alcohol problems? | 0.971 | 0.528 | ||||
| No | 96 (93.2) | 43 (91.5) | 107 (93.9) | 32 (88.9) | ||
| Yes | 7c(6.8) | 4 (8.5) | 7 (6.1) | 4 (11.1) | ||
| Uses non‐prescribed drugs? | 1 | 1 | ||||
| No | 93 (90.3) | 43 (91.5) | 103 (90.4) | 33 (91.7) | ||
| Yes | 10 (9.7) | 4 (8.5) | 11v(9.6) | 3 (8.3) | ||
| AUDIT SCORE |
<0.001 |
<0.001 | ||||
| Score <8 | 100 (0.97) | 36(0.76) | 110 (0.96) | 26 (0.72) | ||
| Score >/=8 | 3 (0.02) | 11 (0.23) | 4 (0.03) | 10 (0.2) | ||
| Self‐reported drug use (30 days before baseline) | ||||||
| Heroin | 1 | 0.383 | ||||
| 0 day | 84 (81.6) | 38 (80.9) | 95 (83.3) | 27 (75.0) | ||
| >0 day | 19 (18.4) | 9 (19.1) | 19 (16.7) | 9 (25.0) | ||
| Other opioid/analgesics | 0.228 | 0.466 | ||||
| 0 day | 77 (74.8) | 40 (85.1) | 91 (79.8) | 26 (72.2) | ||
| >0 day | 26 (25.2) | 7 (14.9) | 23 (20.2) | 10 (27.8) | ||
| Cocaine | 0.010 | 0.009 | ||||
| 0 day | 85 (82.5) | 29 (61.7) | 93 (81.6) | 21 (58.3) | ||
| >0 day | 18 (17.5) | 18 (38.3) | 21 (18.4) | 15 (41.7) | ||
| Barbiturates | 0.215 | 0.359 | ||||
| 0 day | 97 (94.2) | 47 (100) | 108 (94.7) | 36 (100) | ||
| >0 day | 6 (5.8) | 0 (0) | 6 (5.3) | 0 (0) | ||
| Sedatives/hypnotics/tranquillisers | 0.721 | 1 | ||||
| 0 day | 79 (76.7) | 38 (80.9) | 89 (78.1) | 28 (77.8) | ||
| >0 day | 24 (23.3) | 9 (19.1) | 25 (21.9) | 8 (22.2) | ||
| Amphetamines | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 0 day | 100 (97.1) | 46 (97.9) | 111 (97.4) | 35 (97.2) | ||
| >0 day | 3 (2.9) | 1 (2.1) | 3 (2.6) | 1 (2.8) | ||
| Hallucinogens | 1 | 0.1662 | ||||
| 0 day | 100 (97.1) | 45 (95.7) | 112 (98.2) | 33 (91.7) | ||
| >0 day | 3 (2.9) | 2 (4.3) | 2 (1.8) | 3 (8.3) | ||
| Inhalants | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 0 day | 102 (99.0) | 47 (100) | 113 (99.1) | 36 (100) | ||
| >0 day | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | ||
| Used more than one substance at the same time | 0.082 | 0.084 | ||||
| 0 day | 83 (80.6) | 31 (66.0) | 91 (79.8) | 23 (63.9) | ||
| >0 day | 20 (19.4) | 16 (34.0) | 23 (20.2) | 13 (36.1) | ||
| Injection drug use (ever) | 0.996 | 0.721 | ||||
| No | 6 (5.8) | 2 (4.3) | 7 (6.1) | 1 (2.8) | ||
| Yes | 97 (94.2) | 45 (95.7) | 107 (93.9) | 35 (97.2) | ||
| Cannabis (marijuana, hashish) | 0.783 | 0.098 | ||||
| 0 day | 74 (71.8) | 32 (68.1) | 85 (74.6) | 21 (58.3) | ||
| >0 day | 29 (28.2) | 15 (31.9) | 29 (25.4) | 15 (41.7) | ||
| Opiate against treatment | 1 | 0.764 | ||||
| Methadone | 101 (98.1) | 46 (97.9) | 111 (97.4) | 36 (100) | ||
| Suboxone | 2 (1.9) | 1 (2.1) | 3 (2.6) | 0 (0) | ||
| HIV/HCV co‐infection | 0.584 | 0.162 | ||||
| No | 87 (84.5) | 42 (89.4) | 95 (83.3) | 34 (94.4) | ||
| Yes | 16 (15.5) | 5 (10.6) | 19 (16.7) | 2 (5.6) | ||
| HCV subtype (IL2B result) | 0.907 | 0.250 | ||||
| CC | 23 (22.3) | 10 (21.3) | 22 (19.3) | 11 (30.6) | ||
| TC | 55 (53.4) | 24 (51.1) | 64 (56.1) | 15 (41.7) | ||
| TT | 25 (24.3) | 13 (27.7) | 28 (24.6) | 10 (27.8) | ||
| Cirrhosis | 0.595 | 0.152 | ||||
| No | 73 (70.9) | 36 (76.6) | 79 (69.3) | 30 (83.3) | ||
| Yes | 30 (29.1) | 11 (23.4) | 35 (30.7) | 6 (16.7) | ||
| Comorbid psychiatric conditions | ||||||
| ANY | 0.813 | 0.595 | ||||
| No | 96 (93.2) | 45 (95.7) | 106 (93.0) | 35 (97.2) | ||
| Yes | 7 (6.8) | 2 (4.3) | 8 (7.0) | 1 (2.8) | ||
| Major depressive episode | 0.235 | 0.440 | ||||
| No | 49 (47.6) | 28 (59.6) | 56 (49.1) | 21 (58.3) | ||
| Yes | 54 (52.4) | 19 (40.4) | 58 (50.9) | 15 (41.7) | ||
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 0.515 | 0.501 | ||||
| No | 72 (69.9) | 36 (76.6) | 80 (70.2) | 28 (77.8) | ||
| Yes | 31 (30.1) | 11 (23.4) | 34 (29.8) | 8 (22.2) | ||
| Psychotic disorder | 0.093 | 0.611 | ||||
| No | 30 (29.1) | 21 (44.7) | 37 (32.5) | 14 (38.9) | ||
| Yes | 73 (70.9) | 26 (55.3) | 77 (67.5) | 22 (61.1) | ||
| Depression (BDI) | 1 | 0.477 | ||||
| None or mild ≤19 | 67 (65.0) | 30 (63.8) | 76 (66.7) | 21 (58.3) | ||
| Moderate or severe ≥20 | 36 (35.0) | 17 (36.2) | 38 (33.3) | 15 (41.7) | ||