TABLE 1.
Summary of descriptive characteristics of included studies classified geographically
| Authors | Year | Country | Study design | Number of teeth (N) | Sample size | Gender (%) | Age | Image method | Type of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | |||||||||
| Touré et al. | 2008 | Senegal | Cross‐sectional | 6234 | 208 |
MS (55) FS (45) |
>18 years | Periapical | 3 |
| Oginni et al. | 2015 | Nigeria | Cross‐sectional | 21 468 | 756 |
MS 414 FS 342 |
>20 years | Periapical | 3 |
| Ahmed et al. | 2017 | Sudan | Cross‐sectional | 4976 | 200 |
FS 153 MS 47 |
34 ± 12.9 years mean | Panoramic and periapical | 3 |
| America | |||||||||
| Buckley et al. | 1995 | USA | Cross‐sectional | 5272 | 208 |
MS (47.3) FS (52.7) ME 135 FE156 |
44.5 years mean | Bitewing and periapical | 3 |
| Dugas et al. | 2003 | Canada | Cross‐sectional | 16 148 | 610 |
FS 328 (53.8) MS 282 (46.2) |
25–40 years | Panoramic and periapical | 3 |
| Terças et al. | 2006 | Brazil | Cross‐sectional | 5008 | 200 |
FS 112 MS 88 |
Periapical | 3 | |
| Chen et al. | 2007 | USA | Cross‐sectional | 3533 | 206 |
FS (58) MS (42.2) |
55–97 years 67 years mean |
Panoramic | 3 |
| Hollanda et al. | 2008 | Brazil | Cross‐sectional | 29 467 | 1401 | 48 years | Panoramic | 3 | |
| Zhong et al. | 2008 | USA | Cross‐sectional | 27 296 | 853 | Only men | 25–85 years | Periapical | 3 |
| Paes da Silva Ramos et al. | 2013 | Brazil | Cross‐sectional | 5585 | 214 |
FS 124 MS 90 |
CBCT scan | 3 | |
| Hebling et al. | 2014 | Brazil | Cross‐sectional | 942 | 98 |
FS 57 MS 41 |
>60 years | Periapical | 3 |
| Berlinck et al. | 2015 | Brazil | Cross‐sectional | 25 292 | 1126 |
FS 738 MS 388 |
37.1 ± 16.4 years mean | Periapical | 3 |
| Jalali et al. | 2017 | USA | Cross‐sectional | 3395 | 131 |
FS 112 MS 19 |
56.14 years | Panoramic or periapical | 3 |
| Asia | |||||||||
| Tsuneishi et al. | 2005 | Japan | Cross‐sectional | 16 232 | 672 |
MS 244 FS 428 |
20–89 years | Periapical | 3 |
| Sunay et al. | 2007 | Turkey | Cross‐sectional | 8731 | 375 |
MS 147 (39.2) FS 228 (60.8) |
16–82 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Gulsahi et al. | 2008 | Turkey | Cross‐sectional | 24 433 | 1000 |
MS (39.3) FS (60.7) 555 (3.75) female teeth with endo 257 (2.67) male teeth with endo |
16–80 years 41.4 ± 15.8 years mean |
Panoramic | 3 |
| Asgary et al. | 2010 | Iran | Cross‐sectional | 28 463 | 1064 |
MS 445 (41.8) FS 619 (58.2) |
>18 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Gencoglu et al. | 2010 | Turkey | Cross‐sectional | 9460 | 400 |
MS 138 (34.5) FS 262 (65.5) |
>20 years 38.7 ± 13.8 years mean |
Panoramic and periapical | 3 |
| Al‐Omari et al. | 2011 | Jordan | Cross‐sectional | 7390 | 294 |
FS 136 (46.3) MS 158 (53.7) |
16–59 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Gumru et al. | 2011 | Turkey | Cross‐sectional | 28 974 | 1077 |
FS 663 MS 414 |
19 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Ozbas et al. | 2011 | Turkey | Cross‐sectional | 11 542 | 438 |
FS 234 MS 204 |
10–79 years | Periapical | 3 |
| Mukhaimer et al. | 2012 | Palestine | Cross‐sectional | 6482 | 258 |
FS 142 MS 116 |
39 years 17–62 years |
Panoramic | 3 |
| Kalender et al. | 2013 | Turkey | Cross‐sectional | 24 730 | 1006 |
MS 423 FS 583 |
18–50 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Ureyen Kaya et al. | 2013 | Turkey | Cross‐sectional | 23 268 | 1000 | >18 years | Panoramic | 3 | |
| Archana et al. | 2015 | India | Cross‐sectional | 30 098 | 1340 | Panoramic | 3 | ||
| Alrahabi et al. | 2016 | Saudi Arabia | Cross‐sectional | 15 686 | 630 |
FS 314 MS 316 |
Panoramic | 3 | |
| Hussein et al. | 2016 | Malaysia | Cross‐sectional | 6409 | 233 |
FS 147 (63.1) MS 86 (36.9) |
26 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Europe | |||||||||
| Allard et al. | 1986 | Sweden | Cross‐sectional | 2567 | 188 | >65 years | Periapical series | 3 | |
| Petersson et al. | 1986 | Sweden | Cross‐sectional | 4985 | 861 | 20–60 years | Bitewing and periapical | 3 | |
| Bergström et al. | 1987 | Sweden | Cross‐sectional | 6593 | 250 | 21–60 years | Periapical series | 3 | |
| Eckerbom et al. | 1988 | Sweden | Longitudinal | 4889 | 200 |
MS 93 FS 107 |
>20 years | Bitewing and periapical | 3 |
| Eriksen et al. | 1988 | Sweden | Cross‐sectional | 3917 | 141 | 35 years | Panoramic and periapical | 3 | |
| Petersson et al. | 1989 | Sweden | Cross‐sectional | 11 497 | 567 | >20 years | Periapical series | 2 | |
| Odesjo et al. | 1990 | Sweden | Cross‐sectional | 17 430 | 733 |
MS 392 FS 351 |
>20 years | Periapical series | 2 |
| Eriksen et al. | 1991 | Norway | Cross‐sectional | 2940 | 119 | 50 years | Panoramic | 3 | |
| Imfeld et al. | 1991 | Switzerland | Cross‐sectional | 2004 | 143 |
MS 69 (47.7) FS 74 (52.3) |
66 years | Panoramic and periapical | 3 |
| De Cleen et al. | 1993 | Netherlands | Cross‐sectional | 4196 | 184 |
FS 90 (48.9) MS 94 (51.1) |
>20 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Ainamo et al. | 1994 | Finland | Cross‐sectional | 2355 | 169 |
MS 54 FS 115 |
76–86 years | Panoramic and periapical | 3 |
| Eriksen et al. | 1995 | Norway | Longitudinal | 3282 | 118 | 35 years | Panoramic | 3 | |
| Soikonen et al. | 1995 | Finland | Cross‐sectional | 2355 | 169 |
MS 54 FS 115 |
Panoramic and periapical | 3 | |
| Weiger et al. | 1997 | Germany | Cross‐sectional | 7987 | 323 |
FS (54) MS (46) |
35.2 years | Panoramic and periapical | 3 |
| Marques et al. | 1998 | Portugal | Cross‐sectional | 4446 | 179 | 30–39 years | Panoramic and bitewings | 3 | |
| Sidaravicius et al. | 1999 | Lithuania | Cross‐sectional | 3892 | 147 | Panoramic | 2 | ||
| De Moor et al. | 2000 | Belgium | Cross‐sectional | 4617 | 206 | Panoramic | 3 | ||
| Narhi et al. | 2000 | Finland | Cross‐sectional | 1016 | 77 |
FS 51 MS 26 |
Panoramic | 3 | |
| Kirkevang et al. | 2001 | Denmark | Cross‐sectional | 15 984 | 614 |
FS 303 (49.3) MS 311 (50.7) |
20–60 years | Bitewing and periapical | 2 |
| Boucher et al. | 2002 | France | Cross‐sectional | 5373 | 208 | FS (62) | 45.9 ± 12.9 years | Periapical | 3 |
| Lupi‐Pegurier et al. | 2002 | France | Cross‐sectional | 7561 | 344 |
MS 164 FS 180 |
>20 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Jimenez‐Pinzon et al. | 2004 | Spain | Cross‐sectional | 4453 | 180 |
MS 66 FS 114 |
Periapical | 3 | |
| Georgopoulou et al. | 2005 | Greece | Cross‐sectional | 7664 | 320 |
FS (65.3) MS (34.7) |
16–77 years | Periapical | 3 |
| Kabak et al. | 2005 | Belarus | Cross‐sectional | 31 212 | 1423 | >15 years | Panoramic | 3 | |
| Loftus et al. | 2005 | Ireland | Cross‐sectional | 7424 | 302 |
MS 127 FS 175 M.RFT 57 F.RFT 95 |
16–98 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Kirkevang et al. | 2006 | Denmark | Longitudinal | 12 329 | 473 |
FS 239 MS 234 |
>18 years | Bitewing and periapical | 3 |
| Skudutyte‐Rysstad et al. | 2006 | Norway | Cross‐sectional | 3971 | 146 | 35 years mean | Panoramic | 3 | |
| Frisk et al. | 2008 | Sweden | Longitudinal | 12 433 | 491 |
MS 242 FS 249 |
10–80 years | Panoramic and periapical | 3 |
| Segura‐Egea et al. | 2008 | Spain | Cross‐sectional | 4453 | 180 |
MS 66 (36.7) FS 114 (63.3) |
>18 years | Periapical | 3 |
| Covello et al. | 2010 | Italy | Cross‐sectional | 9423 | 384 |
MS (44.3) FS (55.7) |
18–60 years 43 years mean |
Panoramic | 3 |
| Kamberi et al. | 2011 | Kosovo | Cross‐sectional | 4131 | 193 |
ME (3) FE (1.8) |
34.5 ± 11.2 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Matijevic et al. | 2011 | Croatia | Cross‐sectional | 38 440 | 1462 | >15 years | Panoramic | 3 | |
| Peters et al. | 2011 | Netherlands | Cross‐sectional | 4594 | 178 |
MS 84 FS 94 |
Female 35.4 ± 13.2 Male 40.2 ± 12.6 |
Panoramic | 3 |
| Huumonen et al. | 2012 | Finland | Cross‐sectional | 120 250 | 5244 | MS 48% | 30–95 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| López‐López et al. | 2012 | Spain | Cross‐sectional | 9390 | 397 |
FS 203 MS 194 |
52 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Rocha et al. | 2012 | Portugal | Cross‐sectional | 5552 | 222 |
FS 119 (53.76) MS 103 (46.24) |
>18 years 41.26 ± 15.86 years mean |
Panoramic | 3 |
| Jersa et al. | 2013 | Latvia | Cross‐sectional | 7065 | 312 | 35–44 years | Panoramic | 3 | |
| Di Filippo et al. | 2014 | UK | Cross‐sectional | 3396 | 136 |
FS 73 MS 63 |
Panoramic | 3 | |
| Dutta et al. | 2014 | Scotland | Cross‐sectional | 3595 | 245 |
FS 117 MS 128 |
>18 years | CBCT scan | 3 |
| Lemagner et al. | 2015 | France | Cross‐sectional | 2368 | 100 |
FS 53 MS 47 |
47.1 years | CBCT scan | 3 |
| Huumonen et al. | 2017 | Finland | Cross‐sectional | 120 635 | 5335 | MS (47) | 50.2 years | Panoramic | 2 |
| Kielbassa et al. | 2017 | Austria | Cross‐sectional | 22 586 | 1000 |
FS 570 MS430 |
Panoramic | 3 | |
| Van der Veken et al. | 2017 | Belgium | Cross‐sectional | 11 117 | 631 |
MS 267 FS 364 |
45.6 years | CBCT scan | 3 |
| Vengerfeldt et al. | 2017 | Estonia | Cross‐sectional | 181 495 | 6552 |
FS 3989 (60.9) MS 2563 (39.1) |
3–93 years | Panoramic | 3 |
| Bürklein et al. | 2019 | Germany | Cross‐sectional | 8244 | 500 |
FS 297 (59.4) MS 203 (40.6) |
50.21 years | CBCT scan | 2 |
| Meirinhos et al. | 2020 | Portugal | Cross‐sectional | 20 836 | 1160 |
FS 663 MS 497 |
48.4 years | CBCT scan | 3 |
| Oceania | |||||||||
| Punch | 1997 | Australia | Cross‐sectional | 5216 | 204 | Panoramic | 3 | ||
| Da Silva et al. | 2009 | Australia | Cross‐sectional | 5647 | 243 | Panoramic | 3 | ||
| Timmerman et al. | 2017 | Australia | Cross‐sectional | 16 936 | 695 | FS (58.3) |
10–88 years 41 years mean |
Panoramic | 3 |
Abbreviations: FS, prevalence in female subject; MS, prevalence in male subject; RFT, root filled teeth.