TABLE 2.
Post‐translational modifications (PTM) and their main target amino acid residue. The reversal of these PTMs are not included in the table and are discussed in the main text as relevant for Nf isoforms, for example Nf dephosphorylation to reverse Nf phosphorylation
| PTM | Mechanism |
|---|---|
| ADP‐ribosylation | Adds ADP‐ribose which is a form of glycosylation. Affected are Gglu, Asp, sSr, Arg, Cys, Lys, diphthamide, phosphoserine, Asn |
| Acetylation | Acetylates Lys |
| C‐terminal | Amination (adds an amine group), glycosyl phosphatidylinositol attachment, phosphorylation |
| Carbonylation | Adds carbon monoxide |
| Carboxylation | Adds a carboxyl group to glutamate |
| Citrullination | Synonymous to deimination, converts Argto Cit |
| Farnesylation | Adds a lipid group |
| Glutamylation | Adds glutamate |
| Glycation | Adds a sugar aldehyde or ketone, the late stage is characterised by formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) |
| Glycosylation | Similar to glycation only that this is enzyme mediated |
| Glycylation | Adds glycine |
| Hydroxylation | Changes Pro to Hyp, also works with Lys |
| Isomerisation | Transformation into an isomer which changes the chemical structure |
| Methylation | Add a methyl group to Arg |
| N‐terminal | Arginylation (adds Argi), formylation (adds a formyl group), pyroglutamate (N‐terminal Glu forms a pyroglutamate group) |
| Nitrosylation | Adds nitric oxide |
| Oxidation | Adds oxygen species |
| Phosphorylation | Adds phosphorus to Ser and to a lesser degree also to Thr and Tyr |
| SUMOylation | Adds a small ubiquitin‐related modifier (SUMO) |
| Sulphation | Adds sulphate to Tyr |
| Tyrosination | Adds Tyr |
| Ubiquitination | Adds ubiquitin to Lys |