TABLE 2.
Stratification of participants according to brushing frequency
| Daily toothbrushing frequency | p‐Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | ≥3 | ||
| n | 602 | 1759 | 2145 | |
| Male | 370 (61.5) | 709 (40.3) | 709 (33.1) | <.001 |
| Age | 68.23 (77.67) | 60.40 (15.35) | 57.25 (15.21) | <.001 |
| BMI | 28.61 (16.88) | 26.97 (15.21) | 26.20 (25.06) | .037 |
| SBP | 140.01 (18.17) | 134.16 (18.50) | 131.63 (18.58) | <.001 |
| DBP | 80.49 (10.76) | 79.10 (11.14) | 78.37 (10.77) | <.001 |
| HR | 76.71 (51.49) | 74.29 (12.20) | 73.97 (20.01) | .05 |
| Treated/untreated HT | 457 (75.9) | 1141 (64.9) | 1172 (54.6) | <.001 |
| HT status | ||||
| Above target BP | 273 (45.3) | 618 (35.1) | 603 (28.1) | <.001 |
| Within target BP | 75 (12.5) | 230 (13.1) | 238 (11.1) | |
| Normal BP | 145 (24.1) | 618 (35.1) | 973 (45.4) | |
| Untreated HT | 109 (18.1) | 293 (16.7) | 331 (15.4) | |
| HT history | 355 (59.0) | 851 (48.4) | 828 (38.6) | <.001 |
| HT medications | 348 (57.8) | 848 (48.2) | 841 (39.2) | <.001 |
| Smoke | 133 (22.1) | 378 (21.5) | 416 (19.4) | .167 |
| BMI classification | ||||
| Underweight | 186 (30.9) | 744 (42.3) | 1146 (53.4) | <.001 |
| Normal | 161 (26.7) | 322 (18.3) | 267 (12.4) | |
| Overweight | 2 (0.3) | 19 (1.1) | 34 (1.6) | |
| Obese | 253 (42.0) | 674 (38.3) | 698 (32.5) | |
| Family CVD history | 206 (34.2) | 657 (37.4) | 816 (38.0) | .229 |
| Diabetes | 99 (16.4) | 232 (13.2) | 202 (9.4) | <.001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 225 (37.4) | 583 (33.1) | 616 (28.7) | <.001 |
| CVD/CKD | 90 (15.0) | 170 (9.7) | 188 (8.8) | <.001 |
| Physical activity 30′/day | 224 (37.2) | 743 (42.2) | 1059 (49.4) | <.001 |
| Daily fruits/vegetables use | 472 (78.4) | 1426 (81.1) | 1863 (86.9) | <.001 |
| Unlimited salt use | 167 (27.7) | 518 (29.4) | 504 (23.5) | <.001 |
| Manual toothbrush | 523 (86.9) | 1392 (79.1) | 1538 (71.7) | <.001 |
| Bleeding on brushing | 150 (24.9) | 323 (18.4) | 370 (17.2) | <.001 |
| Periodontitis | 73 (12.1) | 157 (8.9) | 166 (7.7) | .003 |
Note: Nine participants declared no daily brushing (0.19%). Data are presented as means ± SDs or numbers (percentages). Unpaired Student's t test and chi‐squared test were used to detect differences in quantitative (mean ± SD) and qualitative (N, %) data, respectively (statistical significance: p < .05).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; HT, hypertension; SBP, systolic blood pressure.