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. 2022 Sep 23;32(12):1757–1767. doi: 10.1111/sms.14234

TABLE 1.

Baseline participant characteristics by physical activity and sitting time status

Total a PA and ST status p‐value
HPA/LST HPA/HST LPA/LST LPA/HST
(n = 10 232) (n = 2047) (n = 1638) (n = 3196) (n = 3351)
Age [years] b 73.4 (6.2) 71.4 (5.1) 72.2 (5.6) 73.3 (6.0) 75.6 (6.8) <0.001
65–74 years [n (%)] c 6362 (62.2) 1554 (75.9) 1158 (70.7) 1968 (61.6) 1682 (50.2) <0.001
≥75 years [n (%)] c 3870 (37.8) 493 (24.1) 480 (29.3) 1228 (38.4) 1669 (49.8)
Women [n (%)] c 5342 (52.2) 890 (43.5) 765 (46.7) 1783 (55.8) 1904 (56.8) <0.001
PD ≥1000 people/km2 [n (%)] c 4579 (44.8) 966 (47.2) 764 (46.6) 1378 (43.1) 1471 (43.9) 0.008
Body mass index [kg/m2] b 22.6 (3.4) 22.7 (3.3) 22.6 (3.1) 22.4 (3.3) 22.6 (3.6) 0.019
Living alone [n (%)] c 1174 (11.5) 179 (8.7) 223 (13.6) 329 (10.3) 443 (13.2) <0.001
HSES [n (%)] c 3357 (32.8) 715 (34.9) 559 (34.1) 1042 (32.6) 1041 (31.1) 0.017
Education ≥13 y [n (%)] c 2142 (20.9) 527 (25.7) 381 (23.3) 625 (19.6) 609 (18.2) <0.001
Current smoker [n (%)] c 1167 (11.4) 219 (10.7) 185 (11.3) 381 (11.9) 382 (11.4) <0.001
Alcohol drinker [n (%)] c 6696 (65.4) 1504 (73.5) 1156 (70.6) 2033 (63.6) 2003 (59.8) <0.001
Poor self‐reported health [n (%)] c 1991 (19.5) 202 (9.9) 235 (14.3) 594 (18.6) 960 (28.6) <0.001
Sleep times [min/day] b 406 (83) 398 (73) 405 (72) 399 (83) 418 (93) <0.001
No medication [n (%)] c 2222 (21.7) 538 (26.3) 386 (23.6) 697 (21.8) 601 (17.9) <0.001
Hypertension [n (%)] c 3802 (37.2) 734 (35.9) 592 (36.1) 1169 (36.6) 1307 (39.0) 0.056
Stroke [n (%)] c 373 (3.7) 65 (3.2) 62 (3.8) 97 (3.0) 149 (4.4) 0.012
Heart disease [n (%)] c 1241 (12.1) 191 (9.3) 180 (11.0) 383 (12.0) 487 (14.5) <0.001
Diabetes [n (%)] c 1040 (10.2) 202 (9.9) 176 (10.7) 301 (9.4) 361 (10.8) 0.250
Hyperlipidemia [n (%)] c 947 (9.3) 219 (10.7) 175 (10.7) 259 (8.1) 294 (8.8) 0.002
Digestive disease [n (%)] c 486 (4.8) 64 (3.1) 62 (3.8) 145 (4.5) 215 (6.4) <0.001
Respiratory disease [n (%)] c 841 (8.2) 120 (5.9) 159 (9.7) 251 (7.9) 311 (9.3) <0.001
Urological diseases [n (%)] c 606 (5.9) 122 (6.0) 111 (6.8) 154 (4.8) 219 (6.5) 0.010
Cancer [n (%)] c 375 (3.7) 64 (3.1) 70 (4.3) 92 (2.9) 149 (4.4) 0.002
No. of chronic diseases b , d 0.9 (1.0) 0.9 (0.9) 1.0 (1.0) 0.9 (0.9) 1.0 (1.0) <0.001
Physical activity [min/week] b 229 (436) 666 (601) 535 (469) 15 (36) 16 (36) <0.001
[MET‐min/week] b 759 (1554) 2270 (2242) 1722 (1714) 45 (112) 47 (109) <0.001
Sitting time [min/day] b 319 (224) 162 (62) 463 (191) 159 (63) 498 (217) <0.001
Mortality [event/1000 PY] e 19.7 12.0 12.6 17.5 30.2
[95%CI] e (18.5 to 20.9) (10.1 to 14.3) (10.4 to 15.3) (15.6 to 19.7) (27.7 to 33.0)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HSES, high socioeconomic status; HST, high sitting time; HPA, high physical activity; LPA, low physical activity; LST, low sitting time; MET, metabolic equivalents; PA, physical activity; PD, population density; PY, person‐years; and ST, sitting time.

a

Data for participants with missing values were imputed by multiple imputations: body mass index (n = 516, 5.0%); family structure (n = 755, 7.4%); socioeconomic status (n = 449, 4.4%); education (n = 1137, 11.1%); smoking status (n = 418, 4.1%); alcohol status (n = 355, 3.5%); self‐reported health (n = 375, 3.7%); sleep times (n = 223, 2.2%); medications (n = 754, 7.4%).

b

Continuous variables are expressed as mean with standard deviation and were analyzed using variance analysis.

c

Category variables are expressed as the number of cases with percentage and were analyzed using Pearson's chi‐squared test.

d

From the data obtained on disease status (including the presence of hypertension, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, digestive disease, respiratory disease, urological diseases, and cancer), the comorbidity scores were summed to obtain a total score ranging from 0 (no comorbidity) to 9 (poor status).

e

Absolute risk of mortality was calculated using data from July 30, 2011, to November 30, 2016. Mortality risk is shown as rate (95%CI) per 1000 person‐years.