Table 1. Medicinal plant active on glucose transporters.

Shown are studies in which the indicated plants have been shown to drive a change in glucose transport. Where possible these have been alphabetized, but studies in which multiple plant species or extracts were used in a single study are shown at the top of the table.

Medicinal plant	Phytochemistry	Key effectors	Summary	References
Aronia melanocarpa, Cornus officinalis, Crataegus pinnatifida, Lycium chinense, Vaccinium myrtillus, Brassica oleracea, Juglans regia, Peumus boldus, Adenophora triphylla, Eucommia ulmoides, and Malus domestica	Methanolic extract of the leaves, roots, aqueous extract from the bark, and fruit skin.	SGLT 1 and GLUT2.	Inhibition of intestinal SGLT1 and GLUT2 in Caco-2 cells.	(Schreck & Melzig, 2021)
Hoodia, Sapindus mukorossi, Quillaja saponaria, Papaver, Castanea, Bitter orange, Oregon grape, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Sponge gourd, Black radish, Asparagus, Neem, Uzara, Reetha B, Chelidonium majus, Teasel, Tetradium ruticarpum, Southern wax myrtle, Bistort, Indian tobacco, Figwort, Rangoon creeper, Peruvian rhatany, Chinese rhubarb, Poppy capsule and flowers, Ivy, Common daisy leaves and flowers, Rosebay willowherb, and Goldenrod.	Plant extracts.	GLUT4	Stimulation of GLUT4 translocation in CHO-K1 and 3T3-L1 cells and plasma membrane insertion of GLUT4 in Hela cells.	(Stadlbauer et al., 2021)
Trigonella foenumgraecum, Urtica dioica, Atriplex halimus, and Cinnamomum verum	50% ethanol extract of the various parts.	GLUT4	Increased translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in L6-GLUT4myc rat muscle cells.	(Kadan et al., 2013)
Rhododendron groenlandicum, Alnus incana, Sarracenia purpurea	Leaf, bark, and whole plant, respectively.	GLUT4	Increased total membrane expression of GLUT4 and phosphorylation of AKT and AMP in C2C12 and H4IIE cell lines.	(Shang et al., 2015)
Strawberry and Apple	Polyphenols, phenolic acid, and tannins.	GLUT2, SGLT1	Inhibition of GLUT2 and SGLT1 in human intestinal Caco-2 cells.	(Manzano & Williamson, 2010)
Annona stenophylla	Aqueous root extract.	GLUT4	Enhanced GLUT4 and gene expression in C2C12 muscle cell lines.	(Taderera et al., 2019)
Apios americana	Glycosides from the leaves.	MAPK and glucose uptake	Restores glucose uptake, glucose consumption, and glycogen content in HepG2 cells via MAPK and Nrf2 pathways.	(Yan et al., 2017)
Capparis moonii	Gallotannins from hydro-alcoholic fruit extract.	GLUT4	Increased phosphorylation of IR-β, IRS-1, and GLUT4, PI3K mRNA expression in L6 myotube cells.	(Kanaujia et al., 2010)
Cassia abbreviate	Aqueous leaf, seed, and bark extract.	GLUT4	Enhanced GLUT4 translocation and gene expression in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells.	(Kamatou, Ssemakalu & Shai, 2021)
Cinnamomum burmannii	Water extract and polyphenols.	GLUT4 GLUT1	Increased expression of mRNA GLUT4, IR, GLUT1in mouse 3T3- adipocytes.	(Cao, Polansky & Anderson, 2007; Cao, Graves & Anderson, 2010)
Cinnamomum cassia	Cinnamic acid from a hydroalcoholic bark extract.	GLUT4	Increased GLUT4 mRNA and inhibition of PTP1B activity in L6 myotubes.	(Lakshmi et al., 2009)
Citrullus colocynthis	Fruit and seed extracts and solvent fractions.	GLUT4	Enhancement of insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes.	(Drissi et al., 2021)
Costus igneus (insulin plant)	Leaf extract	Glucokinase/GLUT2	Increased glucokinase activity, insulin, and GLUT2 gene expression but inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) showing β-like cells action. C. igneus contained insulin-like proteins (ILP) with hypoglycemic activities in insulin-responsive cell line RIN 5f.	(Kattaru et al., 2021; Joshi et al., 2013)
Dandelion powder	Chloroform extract.	GLUT4	Increased GLUT4 expression and membrane translocation via the AMPK pathway in L6 cells.	(Zhao et al., 2018b)
Folium sennae	Ethanol extract.	GLUT4	Promotes membrane translocation and mRNA of GLUT4 via AMPK, AKT, and G protein-PLC-PKT pathways and internalization of C2+ in L6 cells.	(Zhao et al., 2018a)
Gundelia tournefortii	Hexane and methanol extract of the aerial part.	GLUT4	Enhanced translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane by the methanol extract than the hexane extract in L6 myotube cells.	(Kadan et al., 2018)
Kigelia pinnata	Isolated phytochemicals from ethanol extract of K. pinnata twigs.	GLUT4	Increased GLUT4 translocation to the skeletal muscle cell surface in skeletal muscle cells.	(Faheem et al., 2012)
Mangifera indica	Ethylacetate extract and 3β-taraxerol.	GLUT4	GLUT4 translocation and glycogen synthesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.	(Nandabalan, Sujatha & Shanmuganathan, 2010)
Maydis stigma [corn silk]	Extracted polysaccharides.	GLUT4	Membrane translocation of GLUT4 in rats L6 skeletal muscle and regulation of PI3K/AKT pathways.	(Guo et al., 2019)
Mitragyna speciosa	Water, methanol extract, and mitragynine [a principal constituent].	GLUT1	Increased GLUT1 content in rat L6 myotubes.	(Purintrapiban et al., 2011)
Momordica balsamina	ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fruit extract	GLUT2	Increased GLUT2 gene expression	(Kgopa, Shai & Mogale, 2020)
Momordica charantia	Aqueous and chloroform extract of the fruit.	GLUT4	Increased glucose uptake with GLUT4, PPARγ, and PI3K mRNA gene expression in L6 myotube cells.	(Kumar et al., 2009)
Moringa concanensis	Leaf extract	GLUT4 via PPARγ effects	3T3-L1 adipocytes, enhanced GLUT4 gene expression	(Balakrishnan, Krishnasamy & Choi, 2018)
Morus alba	Ethanol leaf extract.	GLUT4	Stimulation of glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane via activation of PI3K in rat adipocytes.	(Naowaboot et al., 2012)
Nymphaea nouchali	Seed extracts	GLUT4 via PPARγ effects	Increased GLUT4 mRNA expression	(Parimala et al., 2015)
Ocimum basilicum	Methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane are extracts of the stem, leaf, and flowers.	GLUT4	Elevated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane HepG2 and rat L6 muscle cells.	(Kadan et al., 2016)
Panax ginseng [black ginseng]	Ethanolic extract of black ginseng.	GLUT4	Increased phosphorylation of AMPK, increased upregulation of GLUT2 in the liver and GLUT4 in the muscle.	(Kang et al., 2017)
Pinus pinea [pine]	Bark extract	MAPK and glucose uptake	Activation of p38MAPK, which in turn activates SGLT1 and GLUT2 in Caco-2 cells.	(El-Zein & Kreydiyyeh, 2011)
Portulaca oleracea and Coccinia grandis	Plant extract.	GLUT4	PI3K mediated GLUT4 translocation in insulin-sensitive CHO-K 1 cells and adipocytes.	(Stadlbauer et al., 2016)
Rosemary	Carnosol [diterpene] found in Rosemary.	GLUT4	AMP-dependent increase GLUT4 translocation in L6 skeletal muscle cells.	(Vlavcheski et al., 2018)
Salacia oblonga	Hot water extract of the root, stem, and mangiferin, the bioactive compound.	GLUT4	GLUT4 and concomitant phosphorylation of 5’AMP-activated protein kinase in L6 myotubes and 3T3- adipocytes.	(Giro et al., 2009)
Selaginella tamariscina	Selaginellins and bioflavonoids from methanol extract.	PTP1B and glucose uptake	Glucose uptake and inhibition of PTP1B in 3T3-L1 adipocytes	(El-Zein & Kreydiyyeh, 2011; Giro et al., 2009; Nguyen et al., 2015a)
Sinocrassula indica Berge	Ethanolic extract	GLUT1, GLUT4	Increased glucose uptake in L6 myotubes and H4IIE hepatoma cells	(Yin et al., 2009)
Gymnema sylvestre	Methanolic leaf extract	GLUT4	Enhanced glucose uptake in L6 myotubes cells	(Kumar et al., 2016)