Table 7. Medicinal plant antidiabetics from cell-biology to clinical trial.
Studies in which the indicated plants were examined in clinical trials.
| Medicinal plants | Phytochemistry Product |
Clinical trial | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aronia melanocarpa | Alixir 400 PROTECT® [Standardized extract] |
Prospective open-label trial of 148 patients. | (Tasic et al., 2021) |
| Cinnamomum cassia | Extract and 1,000 mg capsule. | Randomized-placebo control of 70 patients and another study of 19 subjects. | (Hasanzade et al., 2013, Mustafa et al., 2017) |
| Citrullus colocynthis | Fruit capsule. | Randomized clinical trial of 50 T2D patients. | (Jang et al., 2008) |
| Crataegus pinnatifida | Multi-herb | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 40 patients. | (Hu, Zeng & Tomlinson, 2014) |
| Curcuma longa | 500 mg/day | Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled trial of 71 patients | (Neta et al., 2021) |
| Gundelia tournefortii | 250 mg of hydroalcoholic extract of the aerial parts. | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 38 patients. | (Hajizadeh-Sharafabad et al., 2016) |
| Juglans regia | Leaf extract 100 mg twice daily and a hydroalcoholic leaf extract. | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 61 and 50 patients. | (Taghizadeh et al., 2022; López-Romero et al., 2014) |
| Mangifera indica | Low dose [0.5 g/kg] and high dose [1 g/kg] of the leaf extract. | Clinical investigation of 26 T2DM patients. | (Waheed, Miana & Ahmad, 2006) |
| Momordica charantia | 2,000 mg/day of dried powder of fruit. | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 24 patients. | (Cortez-Navarrete et al., 2018) |
| Morus alba | 300 mg extract. | Randomized clinical trial of 60 type 2 diabetic patient [T2DM]. | (Taghizadeh et al., 2022) |
| Ocimum basilicum | Raw and processed seeds. | 45 days clinical trial using convenient sampling. | (Arivuchudar, Nazni & Uvaraj, 2022) |
| Opuntia ficus-indica | Nopal [Opuntia ficus-indica preparation]. | Clinical study. | (López-Romero et al., 2014) |
| Panax ginseng | Extract of fermented root and Korean red ginseng preparation. | Randomized clinical trial of 42 subjects and double-blind randomized crossover design of 19 subjects. | (Vuksan et al., 2008) |
| Portulaca oleracea | Seeds | Clinical study of 30 patients and randomized trial of 74 subjects. | (El-Sayed, 2011; Darvish Damavandi et al., 2021) |
| Punica granatum | Dried flower mouth wash. | Randomized trial of 80 diabetes patients with gingivitis. | (Sedigh-Rahimabadi et al., 2017) |
| Salacia oblonga | Extract [240, 480 mg/kg] | Randomized double-blind crossover trial of 60 patients. | (Williams et al., 2007) |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum | Seed capsule. | Multicenter randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, add-on clinical trial of 154 T2D patients. Another 12 weeks trial of 12 patients. | (Verma et al., 2016; Najdi et al., 2019) |
| Urtica dioica | Ethanolic extract. | Double-blind, randomized trial of 50 diabetic women. | (Amiri Behzadi, Kalalian-Moghaddam & Ahmadi, 2016) |
| Gymnema sylvestre | Leaf water extract | 22 non-insulin dependent diabetic patients | (Baskaran et al., 1990) |