Central Illustration.

Sex-stratified associations between heart failure diagnosis and risk of new-onset major depression within 3 months after index date. The incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were adjusted for age, birth country, marital status, education, income, myocardial infarction, alcohol use disorder, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (dashed lines indicate 95% CIs).

Adjusted IRRs are shown for risk of new-onset major depression within 3 months after HF diagnosis compared with age- and sex-matched controls from the general population. In men and women of all ages, diagnosis with HF was associated with substantially elevated risks of new-onset major depression in the subsequent 3 months. CI = confidence interval, IRR = incidence rate ratio, HF = heart failure.