Table 1.

Characteristics of study participants.

	HF cases N=154,572 (100.0%)	Controls N=1,545,720 (100.0%)	New-onset major depression N=138,002 (8.1%)	Died by suicide N=3,497 (0.2%)
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Age at index date (years)
18–44	5,496 (3.6)	54,960 (3.6)	6,858 (5.0)	140 (4.0)
45–54	14,578 (9.4)	145,780 (9.4)	14,693 (10.6)	423 (12.1)
55–64	42,405 (27.4)	424,050 (27.4)	34,150 (24.8)	1,079 (30.9)
65–74	92,093 (59.6)	920,930 (59.6)	82,301 (59.6)	1,855 (53.0)
Sex
Male	99,977 (64.6)	999,770 (64.6)	70,577 (51.1)	2,798 (80.0)
Female	54,595 (35.3)	545,950 (35.3)	67,425 (48.9)	699 (20.0)
Birth country
Sweden	131,268 (84.9)	1,365,031 (88.3)	119,838 (86.8)	3,045 (87.1)
Other	23,304 (15.1)	180,689 (11.7)	18,164 (13.2)	452 (12.9)
Marital status
Married	84,296 (54.5)	979,598 (63.4)	84,139 (61.0)	1,581 (45.2)
Not married	70,276 (45.5)	566,122 (36.6)	53,863 (39.0)	1,916 (54.8)
Education (years)
≤9	61,803 (40.0)	496,638 (32.1)	46,371 (33.6)	1,406 (40.2)
10–12	65,924 (42.6)	647,791 (41.9)	58,162 (42.1)	1,448 (41.4)
>12	26,845 (17.4)	401,291 (26.0)	33,469 (24.3)	643 (18.4)
Income (quartile)
1st (highest)	28,176 (18.2)	387,063 (25.0)	41,703 (30.2)	601 (17.2)
2nd	34,487 (22.3)	385,834 (25.0)	40,443 (29.3)	748 (21.4)
3rd	43,283 (28.0)	387,664 (25.1)	32,533 (23.6)	1,050 (30.0)
4th (lowest)	48,626 (31.5)	385,159 (24.9)	23,323 (16.9)	1,098 (31.4)
Myocardial infarction	44,371 (28.1)	65,715 (4.3)	8,968 (6.5)	211 (6.0)
Alcohol use disorder	3,239 (2.1)	10,906 (0.7)	1,539 (1.1)	209 (6.0)
Cancer	27,830 (18.0)	230,023 (14.9)	20,545 (14.9)	377 (10.8)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	25,591 (16.6)	65,940 (4.3)	9,565 (6.9)	224 (6.4)
Diabetes	41,853 (27.1)	159,579 (10.3)	17,245 (12.5)	405 (11.6)
Charlson Comorbidity Index
0–1	142,447 (92.2)	1,531,171 (99.1)	135,185 (98.0)	3,424 (97.9)
2	8,631 (5.6)	12,899 (0.8)	2,262 (1.6)	52 (1.5)
≥3	3,494 (2.3)	1,650 (0.1)	555 (0.4)	21 (0.6)