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. 2023 Jan 9;9:4. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01301-8

Fig. 3. Precise regulation of protein palmitoylation is required for spindle assembly.

Fig. 3

Exogenous palmitate, but not β-oxidation inhibitor and not protein acetylation-disrupting agents, rescued TOFA-induced spindle defects. a Representative images of normal and abnormal mitotic spindles. Cells were stained for CEP152 (green), α-tubulin (red) and DAPI (blue). b CGL2 cells were treated for 1 h with TOFA, PA and etomoxir, either alone or in combination as indicated. Treated cells were then fixed and stained for spindle analysis. Percentages of mitotic cells with abnormal spindles (as in a) are shown as mean ± SD of at least 450 cells from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 by Student’s t test; n.s. not significant. c CGL2 cells (left) and MDA-MB-231 cells (right) were treated for 1 h with TOFA, C646, and SB204990, either alone or in combination as indicated. Treated cells were fixed and stained for spindle analysis. Percentages of mitotic cells with abnormal spindles (as in a) are shown as mean ± SD of at least 600 cells from two independent experiments. *P < 0.05 by Student’s t test; n.s. not significant. d CGL2 cells (left) and MDA-MB-231 cells (right) were treated for 1 h with 2-BrPA, ML348, ML349, and palmostatin B as indicated. Treated cells were fixed and stained for spindle analysis. Percentages of cells with abnormal spindles (as in a) are shown as mean ± SD of at least 300 cells from two independent experiments. *P < 0.05 compared to untreated (−) by Student’s t test.