Table 3.
Effects of the Heart Failure-Smart Life program
| Factors* | Group | Baseline | 3-month | Group effect |
Time effect |
Interaction effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | p | p | p | ||
| Physiological factors | ||||||
| Anthropometric measures | ||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | Exp | 25.14 (3.78) | 25.74 (3.14) | 0.480 | 0.437 | 0.929 |
| Cont | 24.65 (4.11) | 25.29 (4.14) | ||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | Exp | 89.25 (8.52) | 90.75 (7.42 | 0.647 | 0.403 | 0.871 |
| Cont | 88.03 (11.62) | 89.90 (11.88) | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Exp | 126.19 (13.92) | 126.93 (14.10) | 0.050 | 0.624 | 0.464 |
| Cont | 133.79 (14.66) | 130.46 (19.07) | ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Exp | 77.56 (10.72) | 77.04 (11.75) | 0.057 | 0.264 | 0.696 |
| Cont | 75.26 (11.79) | 71.58 (13.24) | ||||
| NYHA functional class | Exp | 2.14 (0.76) | 1.82 (0.72) | 0.003 | 0.040 | 0.986 |
| Cont | 2.66 (0.82) | 2.38 (0.98) | ||||
| Echocardiographic data | ||||||
| LVEF (%) | Exp | 64.50 (10.01) | 64.24 (11.15) | 0.421 | 0.587 | 0.555 |
| Cont | 66.00 (7.57) | 62.93 (9.26) | ||||
| E/Ea ratio | Exp | 12.24 (4.87) | 11.35 (4.12) | 0.024 | 0.659 | 0.229 |
| Cont | 14.70 (4.87) | 16.42 (7.99) | ||||
| Psychosocial factors | ||||||
| Depression | Exp | 4.97 (4.10) | 4.86 (4.10) | 0.205 | 0.617 | 0.812 |
| Cont | 5.45 (3.51) | 5.04 (3.74) | ||||
| Quality of life | Exp | 5.62 (0.82) | 5.62 (0.78) | 0.209 | 0.735 | 0.771 |
| Cont | 5.45(0.86) | 5.34 (1.09) | ||||
| Behavioral factors | ||||||
| Medication adherence | Exp | 8.61 (1.42) | 8.46 (1.00) | 0.608 | 0.686 | 0.268 |
| Cont | 8.26 (0.69) | 8.58 (1.39) | ||||
| Self-management behavior | Exp | 41.17 (6.85) | 48.14 (6.07) | 0.478 | < 0.001 | 0.141 |
| Cont | 44.16 (7.47) | 47.12 (7.31) | ||||
*Adjusted for baseline age and systolic blood pressure. Exp., experimental group; Cont., control group; NYHA, the New York Heart Association; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; E/Ea, early mitral inflow velocity/early diastolic mitral annular velocity