Table 2.

Association between the extent of worry about crime and loneliness in nine countries of the former Soviet Union (N = 15690).

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
Worry about crime
None	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Low	1.08 (0.93–1.26)	1.12 (0.95–1.32)	1.10 (0.94–1.30)	1.09 (0.93–1.29)
Mid	1.11 (0.95–1.29)	1.24 (1.04–1.48)*	1.22 (1.02–1.45)*	1.19 (1.00–1.42)
High	1.26 (1.06–1.51)**	1.54 (1.27–1.88)***	1.45 (1.19–1.78)***	1.43 (1.17–1.75)***
Sex (Female)		1.35 (1.18–1.54)***	1.20 (1.05–1.37)**	1.21 (1.05–1.38)**
Age
18-34		Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
35-59		1.18 (0.99–1.40)	0.98 (0.81–1.18)	0.98 (0.82–1.18)
≥60		1.52 (1.24–1.87)***	1.10 (0.88–1.37)	1.12 (0.89–1.39)
Education
High		Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Mid		1.23 (1.05–1.43)*	1.16 (0.99–1.36)	1.16 (0.99–1.36)
Low		1.33 (1.09–1.64)**	1.15 (0.93–1.42)	1.15 (0.93–1.42)
Marital status
Married/cohabiting		Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Never married		1.51 (1.24–1.85)***	1.57 (1.28–1.92)***	1.56 (1.27–1.91)***
Divorced/widowed		3.45 (2.94–4.05)***	3.33 (2.83–3.92)***	3.33 (2.83–3.92)***
Household finances
Good/very good		Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Average		1.44 (1.19–1.75)***	1.32 (1.08–1.60)**	1.32 (1.08–1.60)**
Bad/very bad		3.39 (2.76–4.16)***	2.47 (2.00–3.07)***	2.46 (1.98–3.05)***
Live alone		3.40 (2.87–4.02)***	3.57 (3.00–4.24)***	3.56 (2.99–4.23)***
Location (Rural)		1.12 (0.99–1.28)	1.11 (0.97–1.26)	1.10 (0.96–1.26)
Self-rated health
Good/very good			Ref.	Ref.
Fair			1.29 (1.09–1.52)**	1.28 (1.08–1.52)**
Poor/very poor			1.80 (1.47–2.20)***	1.78 (1.46–2.18)***
Psychological distress			3.00 (2.56–3.52)***	2.97 (2.53–3.49)***
Crime victimisation				1.32 (1.06–1.64)*
Nagelkerke R2	.03	.25	.28	.28

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; Ref: Reference category.

***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05. All models were adjusted for country.