Table 3.
Sex- and age-specific associations between the extent of worry about crime and loneliness in nine countries of the former Soviet Union.
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Worry about crime | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Men (N = 6869) | ||||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Low | 1.04 (0.82–1.33) | 1.15 (0.88–1.49) | 1.12 (0.85–1.46) | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) |
| Mid | 0.85 (0.65–1.13) | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 0.93 (0.68–1.26) | 0.89 (0.65–1.21) |
| High | 0.77 (0.54–1.11) | 1.04 (0.71–1.54) | 0.99 (0.67–1.47) | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) |
| Women (N = 8821) | ||||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Low | 1.08 (0.89–1.30) | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) | 1.12 (0.90–1.38) | 1.11 (0.90–1.38) |
| Mid | 1.10 (0.91–1.34) | 1.38 (1.11–1.71)** | 1.39 (1.11–1.73)** | 1.37 (1.10–1.71)** |
| High | 1.27 (1.03–1.58)* | 1.82 (1.43–2.31)*** | 1.71 (1.34–2.19)*** | 1.70 (1.33–2.17)*** |
| Age groups | ||||
| 18-34 (N = 6033) | ||||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Low | 1.28 (0.92–1.78) | 1.29 (0.92–1.82) | 1.27 (0.90–1.79) | 1.24 (0.87–1.75) |
| Mid | 1.26 (0.90–1.76) | 1.30 (0.91–1.85) | 1.30 (0.91–1.86) | 1.24 (0.87–1.78) |
| High | 1.45 (1.01–2.08)* | 1.44 (0.99–2.11) | 1.34 (0.91–1.98) | 1.30 (0.88–1.91) |
| 35-59 (N = 6814) | ||||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Low | 1.22 (0.96–1.55) | 1.18 (0.92–1.53) | 1.19 (0.91–1.54) | 1.17 (0.90–1.53) |
| Mid | 1.11 (0.86–1.43) | 1.11 (0.84–1.46) | 1.10 (0.83–1.45) | 1.08 (0.81–1.43) |
| High | 1.48 (1.11–1.95)** | 1.48 (1.09–2.01)* | 1.41 (1.03–1.93)* | 1.39 (1.02–1.91)* |
| ≥60 (N = 2843) | ||||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Low | 0.93 (0.73–1.18) | 0.97 (0.74–1.28) | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) |
| Mid | 1.18 (0.91–1.52) | 1.34 (0.99–1.79) | 1.28 (0.95–1.73) | 1.31 (0.96–1.77) |
| High | 1.48 (1.07–2.04)* | 1.77 (1.22–2.56)** | 1.63 (1.12–2.38)* | 1.64 (1.12–2.40)* |
OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; Ref: Reference category.
Model 1 examined the association between worry about crime and loneliness; Model 2 was adjusted for age (except in the age-specific analysis), sex (except in the sex-specific analysis), educational level, marital status, household financial status, living alone and location; Model 3 was adjusted for the variables in Model 2 and self-rated health and psychological distress; Model 4 was adjusted for the variables in Model 3 and crime victimisation.
***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05.
All models were adjusted for country.