Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants
| Robust (n=65) | Prefrailty (n=69) | Frailty (n=29) | P value* |
|||||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |||||
| n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | ||
| Sex (female) | 24 | (36.9) | 21 | (30.4) | 14 | (48.3) | 0.242 | |||
| Age (years) | 65 | 70.5 | 5.67 | 69 | 73.2 | 6.87 | 29 | 72.6 | 8.62 | 0.070 |
| Height (cm) | 59 | 162.7 | 6.93 | 67 | 163.5 | 7.28 | 27 | 158.3 | 8.72 | 0.009 |
| Weight (kg) | 58 | 59.8 | 8.96 | 68 | 59.8 | 8.11 | 26 | 54.8 | 10.13 | 0.031 |
| Chronic disease | ||||||||||
| Hypertension | 23 | (35.9) | 23 | (33.3) | 13 | (44.8) | 0.556 | |||
| Diabetes | 11 | (17.2) | 8 | (11.6) | 3 | (10.3) | 0.549 | |||
| Stroke | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | (6.9) | 0.01 | |||
| Cancer | 7 | (10.9) | 5 | (7.2) | 3 | (10.3) | 0.745 | |||
| Heart disease | 7 | (10.9) | 6 | (8.7) | 2 | (6.9) | 0.805 | |||
| Hip pain | 23 | (35.9) | 22 | (31.9) | 10 | (34.5) | 0.883 | |||
| Knee pain | 9 | (14.1) | 16 | (23.2) | 11 | (37.9) | 0.036 | |||
| Self-rated health | 0.001 | |||||||||
| Very healthy | 8 | (12.5) | 7 | (10.1) | 1 | (3.4) | ||||
| Healthy enough | 52 | (81.3) | 53 | (76.8) | 16 | (55.2) | ||||
| Not very healthy | 3 | (4.7) | 8 | (11.6) | 8 | (27.6) | ||||
| Not healthy | 1 | (1.6) | 1 | (1.4) | 4 | (13.8) | ||||
| Health assessment | ||||||||||
| KCL | 65 | 1.9 | 1.01 | 69 | 5.3 | 1.04 | 29 | 10.6 | 2.4 | <0.001 |
| WHO-5 | 54 | 18.2 | 3.65 | 56 | 15.6 | 4.73 | 20 | 11.7 | 4.01 | <0.001 |
| DVS | 32 | 5.5 | 1.95 | 23 | 4.9 | 1.93 | 11 | 4.8 | 1.72 | 0.388 |
| TMIG-IC | 35 | 12.3 | 1.05 | 29 | 11.8 | 0.83 | 11 | 11.7 | 1.01 | 0.062 |
| Daily walking parameters | ||||||||||
| DWS (m/s) | 65 | 1.27 | 0.12 | 69 | 1.25 | 0.14 | 29 | 1.19 | 0.21 | 0.06 |
| DW step length (cm) | 65 | 66.4 | 5.26 | 69 | 65.9 | 5.74 | 29 | 62.3 | 8.35 | 0.009 |
| DW step length/height (%) | 59 | 40.8 | 2.58 | 67 | 40.4 | 3.42 | 27 | 39.8 | 4.13 | 0.397 |
| DW cadence (step/min) | 65 | 115.1 | 7.34 | 69 | 114.5 | 7.61 | 29 | 114.6 | 8.69 | 0.913 |
| Number of steps (steps/day) | 65 | 2427.1 | 1815.08 | 69 | 2699.5 | 2799.45 | 29 | 2810.6 | 2416.51 | 0.71 |
| Number of measurements | 65 | 1468.7 | 1361.74 | 69 | 1478.8 | 1683.49 | 29 | 1290.7 | 1170.59 | 0.832 |
*One-way analysis of variance or χ2 test. Number in bold indicate statistically significance (p<0.05).
DVS, Dietary Variety Score; DW, daily life walking; DWS, daily life walking speed; KCL, Kihon checklist; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.