Table 1.

Measurement of spinal, spinopelvic and lower limb parameters

SVA	The distance between the C7 plumb line and the posterosuperior aspect of S1 [33].
TK	The angle between the upper endplate of T4 and the lower endplate of T12 [34].
TLK	The angle between the upper endplate of T11 and the lower endplate of L2 [34].
LL	The angle between the upper endplate of L1 and S1 [34].
SSA	The angle between a line delimited by the central point of the C7 vertebral body and the central point of the S1 sacral plateau and a second line, which is the sacral slope line [35].
SS	The angle between the horizontal line and upper endplate of S1 [33].
T1SPI	The angle is formed by the vertical reference line and the line between the center of the T1 vertebral body and the bicoxofemoral axis [6].
T9SPI	The angle is formed by the vertical reference line and the line between the center of the T-9 vertebral body and the center of the bicoxofemoral axis [6].
PI	The angle between the line through the center of the femoral head and the midpoint of the sacral plate and the line perpendicular to the sacral plate [33].
PT	The angle between the line drawn through the center of the femoral head and the midpoint of the sacral plate and the vertical reference [33].
Cobb Angle	On X-rays, the vertebra with the greatest inclination on the cephalic and caudal sides of the spinal curve is called the Cobb angle end vertebrae. A straight line is drawn along the upper end plate of the upper end vertebrae and the lower end plate of the lower end vertebrae. The angle between the two lines or the intersection of their perpendicular lines is the Cobb angle [36].
CVA	The distance between the vertical distance and coronal C7 plumb line and the central perpendicular line of the sacrum [37].
CPT	The pelvic obliquity was measured as the angle between the horizontal reference line and the line connecting the uppermost borders of both iliac crests [38].
HKAA	The lateral angle between the mechanical axis of the femur and the tibia [33].
MPFA	The angle was measured between the femoral shaft axis and the line joining the center of the femoral head to the superior greater trochanter [39].
mLDFA	The angle is the lateral angle between the distal femur articular surface and the mechanical axis of the femur [40].
MPTA	The medial angle between the mechanical axis of the tibia and proximal tibia joint line [33].
LDTA	The angle between the tibial mechanical axis and distal tibial joint surface [33].
Total skeletal lower limb length	The distance from the top of the femoral head to the midpoint of the tibial plafond [41].
Femoral length	The distance from the top of the femoral head to the midpoint of the tangent line between the medial and lateral femoral condyles [41].
Tibial length	The distance from the middle of the tibial intercondylar eminence to the midpoint of the tibial plafond [41].

SVA: sagittal vertical axis; TK: thoracic kyphosis angle; TLK: thoracolumbar kyphosis angle; LL: lumbar lordosis angle; SSA: spino-sacral angle; SS: sacral slope angle; T1SPI: T1 spinopelvic inclination angle; T9SPI: T9 spinopelvic inclination angle; PI: pelvic incidence angle; PT: pelvic tilt angle; CVA: coronal vertical axis; CPT: coronal pelvic tilt angle; HKAA: hip-knee-ankle angle; MPFA: medial proximal femoral angle; mLDFA: mechanical lateral distal femoral angle; MPTA: medial proximal tibial angle; LDTA: lateral distal tibial angle.