Table 2.

Clinical findings on the use of l-carnitine in disease management.

Study design	Participants	Dose	Outcomes	References
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study	645 cancer patients	250 mg/day, with doses increased in increments of 500 mg to a maximum target dose of 3000 mg/day	Having beneficial effects on symptoms of fatigue, depression, and quality of sleep	(Cruciani et al., 2004)
Randomized trial	One hundred seven patients	500 mg oral l-carnitine each morning on non-dialysis days or after dialysis treatment for 12 weeks	Improvement in muscular symptoms, dialysis-associated muscle symptoms	(Sakurauchi et al., 1998)
Double-blind Pilot Study	Forty-two subjects	1500 mg l-carnitine-l-tartrate for 24 weeks	Did not affect either the skeletal muscle strength or circulating markers	(Sawicka et al., 2018)
Randomized trial	162 women with CC– resistant PCOS	3 g oral L-carnitine	Improvements in menstrual pattern, follicle- stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, free testosterone, and insulin resistance, lipid profile.	(El Sharkwy and Abd El Aziz, 2019)
Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial	147 women with PCOS	ALC (500 mg, 15 mg, and 1500 mg, respectively) twice daily for 12 weeks	↑Adiponectin ↓HOMA-IR Testosterone, FSH, and LH significantly improved	(Tauqir et al., 2021)
Double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial	Sixty-two overweight/obese women with PCOS	1000 mg/d l-carnitine capsule	No beneficial effect on liver fat content and cardiometabolic outcomes	(Sangouni et al., 2021)
Randomized controlled trial Alshimaa	100 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus	l-carnitine (50 mg/kg/day)	↓Total cholesterol and low- density lipoprotein ↑High-density lipoprotein	(Badreldeen et al., 2021)
Pilot trial of	40 patients with severe TBI	2 g/day for one week	Neurocognitive function and NSE significantly improved	(Mahmoodpoor et al., 2018)
Randomized trial	47 patients with coronary artery disease	LC supplementation (1000 mg/d) for 12 weeks	HDL-C and Apo-A1 levels ↓TG levels	(Lee et al., 2016)
Randomized trial	62 patients with peripheral artery disease	PLC (2 g daily, n = 32) 6 months	↓PWT g improving walking performance in both treatment arms	(Hiatt et al., 2011)
Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blinded, Controlled Trial	232 patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy	ALC 500 mg	↓NSS and NDS Improved Neurophysiological parameters	(Li et al., 2016)
Randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial	Four-hundred nine subjects with Taxane-Induced Neuropathy	ALC (1000 mg three times a day)	Significantly worse CIPN over two years Reduction in NTX scores	(Hershman et al., 2018)
Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial	56 patients with kidney transplantation	3 g of oral l-carnitine administered in 3 divided doses each day for 4 consecutive days	No protective effects of oral l-carnitine supplementation against DGF occurrence recipients. 3-month graft loss was lower in the l-carnitine supplemented group.	(Jafari et al., 2017)
Randomized, clinical trial	54 patients in the carnitine and 62 patients in the placebo group with antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ATDH) were	1000 mg oral carnitine solution twice daily for 4 weeks	Significantly decreased the rate of ATDH	(Hatamkhani et al., 2014)
Randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial	30 patients in the l-carnitine group and 25 patients in placebo group with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)	50 mg/kg/day l-carnitine twice a day or identical placebo per day for three months	Did not have significant effect on improving biochemical and sonographic markers of NAFLD in children and adolescents	(Saneian et al., 2021)
Pilot study	2 groups with GDR ≥ 7.9 (n = 16) or > 7.9 (n = 16)	24-week oral acetyl-l-carnitine (1 g twice daily)	↑GDR from 4.89-1.47 to 6.72-3.12 mg/kg per minute. Improving glucose tolerance	(Ruggenenti et al., 2009)
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial	28 patients (26 [93.0 %] males) with a mean age ± SD of 58.1 ± 10.5 years	50 mg/kg/day oral dose of l-carnitine	↑left ventricle ejection fraction (p = 0.002) and 14.3 % (p = 0.006) and 3.3 % (p > 0.05). Did not demonstrate any additional benefit in reverse remodeling	(Da Silva Guimarães et al., 2017)
Multi-institutional, randomized, exploratory trial	Fifty-nine breast cancer patients	IP (125 g) once daily for 21 days contains l-carnitine (50 mg)	Changes in the worst level of fatigue, GFS, and current feeling of fatigue HADS, EORTC QLQ-C30, and EORTC QLQ-BR23 scores were not significantly different	(Iwase et al., 2016)