TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients Data are means ± S.D. or n (%). “Control” refers to subjects who did not have any evidence of HFpEF or DM.
| Control | Empagliflozin | Metformin | Insulin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Age, y | 79.8 ± 8.9 | 81.6 ± 6.8 | 80.8 ± 6.9 | 81.8 ± 6.5 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 5 (50.0) | 6 (60.0) | 6 (60.0) | 5 (50.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 1.8 | 27.7 ± 1.4* | 27.6 ± 1.7* | 28.1 ± 1.5* |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118.8 ± 7.8 | 119.4 ± 7.2 | 119.8 ± 7.4 | 120.1 ± 7.3 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.3 ± 8.8 | 79.0 ± 7.0 | 79.3 ± 6.8 | 79.2 ± 6.9 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 78.8 ± 11.1 | 87.3 ± 8.2 | 86.8 ± 8.5 | 87.3 ± 8.6 |
| EF (%) | 65.8 ± 7.3 | 55.4 ± 5.2* | 55.8 ± 5.4* | 55.2 ± 5.1* |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 4 (40.0) | 7 (70.0) | 6 (60.0) | 8 (80.0) |
| Dyslipidemia | 7 (70.0) | 8 (80.0) | 8 (80.0) | 7 (70.0) |
| COPD | 4 (40.0) | 4 (40.0) | 5 (50.0) | 6 (60.0) |
| CKD | 3 (30.0) | 5 (50.0) | 6 (60.0) | 7 (70.0) |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 103.5 ± 30.6 | 161.8 ± 39.1* | 163.7 ± 39.2* | 164.1 ± 39.0* |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 202.9 ± 22.1 | 206.1 ± 20.2 | 205.9 ± 20.1 | 206.0 ± 19.8 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 133.1 ± 16.1 | 132.3 ± 19.7 | 132.4 ± 19.5 | 132.5 ± 19.8 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 35.1 ± 3.5 | 37.5 ± 3.4 | 36.9 ± 3.7 | 37.1 ± 3.4 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3* | 1.2 ± 0.4* | 1.3 ± 0.3* |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | — | 56 ± 6.4 | 55 ± 7.5 | 57 ± 5.3 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | — | 443.8 ± 24.7 | 445.1 ± 24.5 | 446.2 ± 25.0 |
BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EF, ejection fraction; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
*P < 0.05 versus control.