Table 1.
Summarize the main features and findings of the included studies
| Study | Study population | Participants (Male/Female) | Age | Intervention Antioxidants | Antioxidants dose | Control | Treatment duration | Outcomes | Adverse Events | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaede et al. (2001) [95] | T2DM who have stable HbA1c control (no more than 10% change over the previous 2 months) | N:29 | 58.7 ± 7.3 | Vitamin C + Vitamin E | Vitamin C (1250 mg/d) + Vitamin E (680 IU/d) | Placebo | 4 weeks | UAE SCr | Double-blind | |
| Farvid et al. (2005) [96] | Diabetes for at least 1 year, with a bias toward those who were not macroalbuminuric and hypertensive | N:76 P:M(9) F(10) M:M(8) F(10) V:M(9) F(11) MV:M(9) F(10) | P:50 ± 9 M:52 ± 8 V:50 ± 9 MV:50 ± 9 | M (Zinc sulphate + magnesium oxide) V (Vitamin C + Vitamin E) MV (Zinc sulphate + magnesium oxide + Vitamin C + Vitamin E) | M (Zinc sulphate 15 mg + magnesium oxide 100 mg) V (Vitamin C 100 mg + Vitamin E 50 IU); MV (Zinc sulphate 15 mg + magnesium oxide 100 mg + Vitamin C 100 mg + Vitamin E 50 IU) | Placebo | 3 months | UAE | Double-blind | |
| Giannini et al. (2007) [89] | IDDM patients with microalbuminuria | N = 20 | 18.87 ± 2.91 | Vitamin E | 1200 mg/day | Placebo | 6 months | UAE | Double-blind | |
| Parham et al. (2008) [92] | NIDDM patients with microalbuminuria | N:42 I:M(62%) F(38%) C:M(52%) F(48%) | I:52.0 ± 9.3 C:54.5 ± 9.2 | Zinc | 30 mg/day | Placebo | 3 months | UAE HbA1c | Double-blind | |
| Khajehdehi, et al. (2011) [97] | Type 2 diabetic nephropathy (proteinuria ≥ 500 mg/day) | N:40 I:M(9) F(11) C:M(13) F(7) | I:52.9 ± 9.2 C:52.6 ± 9.7 | Turmeric | Each meal containing 500 mg | Placebo | 2 months | SCr UAE UACR | Double-blind | |
| Fallahzadeh, et al. (2012) [98] | Patients with type 2 diabetes with macroalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion 300 mg/24 h) | N:60 I:M(15) F(15) C:M(13) F(17) | I:55.9 ± 8.3 C:57.6 ± 7.5 | Silymarin | 420 mg/d | Placebo | 3 months | SCr HbA1c MDA UACR | I:7 C:2 | Double-blind |
| Noori et al. (2013) [99] | Patients with type II diabetes | N:34 I:M(7) F(10) C:M(6) F(11) | I:60.0 ± 2.0 C:61.0 ± 3.0 | Lipoic acid and pyridoxine | lipoic acid 800 m/d and pyridoxine 80 mg/d | Placebo | 12 weeks | MDA UAE | Double-blind | |
| Haghighat et al. (2014) [90] | Patients with T2DM and FBS > 126 mg/dl | N:45 I:M(5) F(18) C:M(7) F(15) | I:55.9 ± 5.9 C:55.2 ± 5.6 | Tocotrienol -enriched canola oil | 200 mg/day | pure canola oil | 8 weeks | UAE | Double-blind | |
| Zhu et al. (2016) [93] | Patients with T2D | N:160 | I:56.5 ± 9.8 C:57.3 ± 10.3 | Telmisartan + probucol | 500 mg/dose | Telmisartan | 24 weeks | SCr HbA1c UAE | I:5 C:5 | Double-blind |
| Bahmani et al. (2016) [100] | Diabetic renal disease with proteinuria level of > 0·3 g/24 h | N:60 I:30 C:30 | 40–85 | Se supplements | 200 µg/d | Placebo | 12 weeks | MDA HbA1c | Double-blind | |
| Borges et al. (2016) [101] | DM type 1 or 2, and had persistent micro- or macroalbuminuria | N:47 I:M(11)F(12) C:M(16) F(8) | I:63(60–65) C:59(49–63) | ACE inhibitors and/or ARBs plus GTP | maximum dose (corresponding to 800 mg of EGCG) | ACE inhibitors and/or ARBs plus placebo | 12 weeks | UACR UAE HbA1c | I:2 C:1 | Double-blind |
| Elbarbary et al. (2018) [102] | Diabetic renal disease with a proteinuria level > 0.3 g/24 h | N:50 I:M(8) F(17) C:M(8) F(17) | I:61.1 ± 11.3 C:61.6 ± 10.1 | Coenzyme Q10 | 100 mg/day | placebo | 12 weeks | UAE HbA1c UACR | Double-blind | |
| Aghadavod et al. (2018) [103] | Patients with diabetic nephropathy, despite oral angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | N:90 I:M(20) F(25) C:M(23) F(22) | I:12.4 ± 3.4 C:13.3 ± 2.8 | Carnosine | 500 mg | Placebo | 3 months | HbA1c UACR SCr MDA | Double-blind | |
| Gholnari et al. (2018) [104] | T2DM and referred to a diabetes clinic with newly diagnosed confirmed albuminuria were evaluated or inclusion in the study | N:60 I:M(14) F(16) C:M(13) F(17) | I:56.8 ± 9.7 C:55.7 ± 10.8 | Resveratrol | 500 mg/day | Placebo | 90 days | UACR HbA1c SCr MDA | Double-blind | |
| Tan et al. (2019) [105] | Patients with DN | N:54 I:M(8) F(19) C:M(9) F(19) | I:62.2 ± 9.8 C:64.5 ± 9.2 | Vitamin E | 800 mg/d | Placebo | 12 weeks | HbA1c | Double-blind | |
| Sattarinezhad et al. (2019) [106] | T2DM who have stable HbA1c control (no more than 10% change over the previous 2 months) | N:54 I:M(18) F(9) C:M(17) F(10) | I:59 ± 10 C:62.8 ± 11.6 | Tocotrienol-rich vitamin E | Tocovid 200 mg | Placebo | 12 weeks | SCr HbA1c MDA | I:13 C:15 | Double-blind |
| Satari, et al. (2021) [107] | Diabetic patients who are reviewed on a regular basis | N:59 I:M(20) F(11) C:M(18) F(10) | I:66(13) C:70(13) | Tocotrienol-rich vitamin E | 200 mg/twice daily | Placebo | 12 months | UACR HbA1c | I:3 | Double-blind |
| Koay et al. (2021) [94] | DN, glomerular filtration rate 15 to 89 mL/minute/1.73m2, moderate blood pressure | N:46 I:M(13) F(9) C:M(14) F(10) | I:66.9 ± 6.9 C:64.3 ± 7.7 | Melatonin | 10 mg/d | Placebo | 12 weeks | MDA | Double-blind | |
| Jaafarinia et al. (2022) [108] | Patients aged ≥ 18 years with T2DM | N:40 I:M(12) F(9) C:M(11) F(8) | I:63.86 ± 10.62 C:62.68 ± 9.84 | crocin | 15 mg | Placebo | 90 days | HbA1c UACR UAE SCr | I:1 C:1 | Triple-blind |
I intervention groups, C control groups, UAE Albumin excretion rate, UACR Urine albumin/creatinine ratio, SCr Serum creatinine, hbA1c glycated hemoglobin glycosylated hemoglobin, MDA Malonaldehyde