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. 2023 Jan 9;11:3. doi: 10.1186/s40168-022-01443-4

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

Proposed mechanism of perturbed gut microbiome together with fecal and serum metabolites in pathogenesis of CKD progression. Perturbation of CKD severity-related gut microbiotas may interact with disbalanced toxic and pro-oxidant metabolites from arginine and proline metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism to accelerate disease progression. Red arrow indicates upregulation; black arrow indicates downregulation. LTB4, leukotriene B4