Table 1 Changes of gut microbiota composition in renal diseases

Subject	Changes in gut microbiota	Functional effects and/or relevance	Reference
	Phylum level	Family level	Genus/species level
Mice with diabetic nephropathy	Actinobacteria ↑	Unknown	Prevotella ↓, Bifidobacterium ↓, Rikenella ↓, Ruminococcus ↓, Bacteroides acidifaciens ↓	Related to SCFAs production	15
Rats with diabetic nephropathy	Actinobacteria ↑, Firmicutes ↓, Proteobacteria ↓	S24-7 ↓	Turicibacter ↑, Coprobacillus ↑, Prevotella ↓, Clostridium ↓, Ruminococcus ↓, Oscillospira ↓	Associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy	19
14 T2DM patients with diabetic nephropathy	Unknown	Coriobacteriaceae ↑, Prevotellaceae ↓	Escherichia-Shigella ↑, Prevotella_9 ↓	Contributed to the physiopathological diagnosis of DN from DM	20
Mice with diabetic nephropathy	Firmicutes ↓	Unknown	Anaerosporobacter ↑, Allobaculum ↑, Blautia ↓	Gut flora may contribute to the heterogeneity of the induced response	21
Rats with diabetic nephropathy	Unknown	Coriobacteriaceae ↑, Erysipelotrichaceae ↑	Adlercreutzia ↑	Related to proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy	22
Rats with diabetic nephropathy	Unknown	Peptostreptococcaceae ↑, Rikenellaceae ↓, Ruminococacceae ↓	Turicibacter ↑, Desulfovibrio ↑, SMB53 ↑, Clostridium ↓, Lactobacillus ↓	Related to the metabolic disorder of diabetic nephropathy	45
24 patients with ESRD and uremic animals	Actinobacteria ↑, Firmicutes ↑, Proteobacteria ↑	Brachybacterium ↑, Enterobacteriaceae ↑, Thiothrix ↑, Halomonadaceae ↑, Nesterenkonia ↑ Lactobacillaceae ↓, Prevotellaceae ↓	Unknown	Changes in the biochemical environment caused by uremia and its therapeutic intervention	24
Mice with bilateral I/R injury	Unknown	Enterobacteriaceae ↑, Ruminococacceae ↓	Lactobacilli ↓	The hallmarks of I/R induced dysbiosis, associated with SCFAs reduction and intestinal inflammation	46
Mice with unilateral I/R injury	Unknown	Unknown	Clostridium ↑, Ruminococcin ↑, Bifidobacterium ↓, TM7 ↓	Related to D-Serine/L-Serine level and tubular damage/tubular cell proliferation	47
855 individuals with early renal function decline	Unknown	Christensenellaceae ↑, Ruminococcaceae ↑, Lachnospiraceae ↑	Unknown	Related to circulating metabolites derived from bacterial protein fermentation and eGFR	48
65 patients with CKD	Unknown	Unknown	Roseburia spp. ↓, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ↓	Butyrate-producing bacteria are negatively associated with renal function	49
892 adults with kidney disease/52 patients with ESRD	Proteobacteria↑,Verrucomicrobia↑, Actinobacteria↓	Enterobacteriaceae ↑, Streptococcaceae ↑, Prevotellaceae ↓	Streptococcus ↑, Prevotella ↓, Prevotella 9 ↓, Roseburia ↓, Faecalibacterium ↓, Clostridium ↓, Coprococcus ↓	Uremic toxin generation in adults with kidney disease at the expense of producing less butyrate	50, 51