TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study population stratified according to prevalent depressive symptoms (yes/no) and incident depressive symptoms (yes/no)
| Characteristic | Total population at baseline (n = 5582) | No prevalent depressive symptoms (n = 5354) | Prevalent depressive symptoms (n = 228) | p‐value | Total population with follow‐up data (n = 5113) | No incident depressive symptoms (n = 4549) | Incident depressive symptoms (n = 564) | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (women), n (%) | 2809 (50.3) | 2674 (49.9) | 135 (59.2) | 0.006 | 2559 (50.0) | 2256 (49.6) | 303 (53.7) | 0.064 |
| Age (years) | 59.9 ± 8.6 | 60.1 ± 8.6 | 56.5 ± 8.8 | <0.001 | 60.1 ± 8.5 | 60.1 ± 8.5 | 59.9 ± 8.5 | 0.590 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||||
| Low | 1891 (33.9) | 1793 (33.5) | 98 (43.0) | <0.001 | 1682 (32.9) | 1455 (32.0) | 227 (40.2) | <0.001 |
| Medium | 1537 (27.5) | 1467 (27.4) | 70 (30.7) | 1408 (27.5) | 1253 (27.5) | 155 (27.5) | ||
| High | 2154 (38.6) | 2094 (39.1) | 60 (26.3) | 2023 (39.6) | 1841 (40.5) | 182 (32.3) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Never | 2115 (37.9) | 2048 (38.3) | 67 (29.4) | 1962 (38.4) | 1783 (39.2) | 179 (31.7) | ||
| Former | 2793 (50.0) | 2684 (50.1) | 109 (47.8) | 2573 (50.3) | 2286 (50.3) | 287 (50.9) | ||
| Current | 674 (12.1) | 622 (11.6) | 52 (22.8) | 578 (11.3) | 480 (10.6) | 98 (17.4) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| None | 981 (17.6) | 899 (16.8) | 82 (36.0) | 835 (16.3) | 696 (15.3) | 139 (24.6) | ||
| Low | 3304 (59.2) | 3.196 (59.7) | 108 (47.4) | 3052 (59.7) | 2742 (60.3) | 310 (55.0) | ||
| High | 1297 (23.2) | 1.259 (23.5) | 38 (16.7) | 1226 (24.0) | 1111 (24.4) | 115 (20.4) | ||
| Having a partner (yes), n (%) | 4707 (84.4) | 4.555 (85.1) | 152 (66.7) | <0.001 | 4.364 (85.4) | 3.917 (86.2) | 447 (79.3) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (Kcal) | 2128.3 ± 592.1 | 2127.9 ± 590.8 | 2138.4 ± 622.5 | 0.793 | 2126.4 ± 586.2 | 2124.7 ± 583.2 | 2140.1 ± 609.6 | 0.558 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 4.3 | 28.5 ± 5.8 | <0.001 | 26.8 ± 4.3 | 26.6 ± 4.1 | 27.9 ± 5.2 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2989 (53.5) | 2854 (53.3) | 135 (59.2) | 0.080 | 2721 (53.2) | 2381 (52.3) | 340 (60.3) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol‐to‐HDL cholesterol ratio, n (%) | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | <0.001 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 0.026 |
| History of CVD, n (%) | 928 (16.6) | 875 (16.3) | 53 (23.2) | 0.006 | 828 (16.2) | 715 (15.7) | 113 (20.0) | 0.009 |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 1298 (23.3) | 1221 (22.8) | 77 (33.8) | <0.001 | 1136 (22.2) | 956 (21.0) | 180 (31.9) | <0.001 |
| Depression | ||||||||
| Depression score at baseline (PHQ‐9 score) | 2.7 ± 3.3 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 13.6 ± 3.8 | <0.001 | 2.29 ± 2.3 | 2.0 ± 2.1 | 4.5 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
| Major depressive disorder at baseline (MINI), n (%) | 152 (2.8) | 75 (1.5) | 77 (35.2) | <0.001 | 68 (1.4) | 42 (1.0) | 26 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Major depressive disorder lifetime (MINI), n (%) | 1635 (30.4) | 1449 (28.1) | 186 (84.5) | <0.001 | 1381 (28.1) | 1091 (24.9) | 290 (54.1) | <0.001 |
| Use of antidepressants at baseline | 361 (6.5) | 295 (5.5) | 66 (28.9) | <0.001 | 282 (5.5) | 204 (4.5) | 78 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| Physicaly activity | ||||||||
| Sedentary (min/day) | 561.1 ± 100.6 | 560.3 ± 99.7 | 581.0 ± 119.3 | 0.002 | 559.9 ± 99.1 | 558.5 ± 98.8 | 571.0 ± 100.8 | 0.005 |
| LiPA (min/day) | 343.5 ± 94.6 | 344.7 ± 93.9 | 316.5 ± 106.6 | <0.001 | 344.9 ± 93.3 | 346.6 ± 93.0 | 331.6 ± 94.8 | <0.001 |
| MVPA (min/day) | 40.1 ± 23.1 | 40.5 ± 23.1 | 32.6 ± 21.4 | <0.001 | 40.7 ± 23.2 | 41.3 ± 23.1 | 36.0 ± 23.5 | <0.001 |
| Transitions (n/day) | 54.6 ± 14.3 | 54.6 ± 14.2 | 53.6 ± 16.4 | 0.277 | 54.7 ± 14.1 | 54.7 ± 14.0 | 54.2 ± 14.8 | 0.400 |
Note: Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or n (%).
Abbreviations: CVD, Cardiovascular diseases; LiPA, Light physical activity; MDD, Major Depressive Disorder; MINI, Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview; MVPA, Moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity; PHQ‐9, 9‐item Patient Health Questionnaire.