TABLE 1.
Summary of Mendelian randomization studies examining whether type 2 diabetes or its associated components are causally associated with higher risk of micro‐ and macrovascular diseases. The table include the following columns
| Exposure | Study | Complication | OR | LCI | UCI | n.Case | n.Contr | Cohort | p value | Unit | Disease definition | Pleiotropy | n.SNPs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI | Chatterjee et al. (2017) | Atrial fibrillation | 1.11 | 1.05 | 1.18 | 4178 | 51,646 | AGES/ARIC/FHS/PREVEND/WGHS | <0.001 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | Cases: AF diagnosed on ECG, Holter, or obtained from clinicians records, Controls: healthy | Final result after adjusting for pleiotropic SNPs | NA |
| BMI | Larsson et al. (2020) | Abdominal aortic aneurysm | 1.06 | 0.96 | 1.16 | 758 | 3,66,945 | UKBB | 0.25 | 1‐kg/m2 increase in BMI | Cases: aortic aneurysm, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 96 |
| BMI | van't Hof et al. (2017) | Abdominal aortic aneurysm | 1.63 | 0.99 | 2.61 | 818 | 3004 | Dutch population | <0.002 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | Cases: ruptured/non‐ruptured intracranial and abdominal Aortic aneurysm, controls: healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 97 |
| BMI | Larsson et al. (2020) | Coronary artery disease | 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.09 | 24,531 | 3,43,172 | UKBB | 1.30 E‐05 | 1‐kg/m2 increase in BMI | Cases versus healthy controls | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 404 |
| BMI | Larsson et al. (2020) | Ischaemic stroke | 1.03 | 0.99 | 1.07 | 3554 | 3,64,149 | UKBB | <0.001 | 1 kg/m2 higher BMI | Cases: ischaemic stroke, controls: HeBurgessthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 96 |
| BMI | Larsson et al. (2020) | Peripheral artery disease | 1.66 | 1.56 | 1.76 | 3514 | 3,64,189 | UKBB | 1.40 E‐03 | 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI | Cases: peripheral artery disease, controls: HeBurgessthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 96 |
| BMI | Todd et al. (2015) | Diabetic kidney disease | 1.33 | 1.17 | 1.51 | 2916 | 3315 | UK‐ROI/FinnDiane/GoKinD US | 0.62 | 1 kg/m2 higher BMI | Cases: T1D with ACR >300 and ESRD, cases with ESRD, cases. Controls: T1D | Final result after adjusting for pleiotropic SNPs | 32 |
| BMI | Todd et al. (2015) | End‐stage renal disease | 1.43 | 1.2 | 1.72 | 2916 | 3315 | UK‐ROI/FinnDiane/GoKinD US | <0.001 | 1 kg/m2 higher BMI | T1D with Macroalbuminuria cases versus T1D without ESRD, controls T1D | Final result after adjusting for pleiotropic SNPs | 32 |
| BMI | Todd et al. (2015) | Macroalbumiuria | 1.28 | 1.11 | 1.45 | 2916 | 3315 | UK‐ROI/FinnDiane/GoKinD US | 0.001 | 1 kg/m2 higher BMI | Cases: T1D with ACR >300, Controls: T1D | Final result after adjusting for pleiotropic SNPs | 32 |
| BMI | Zheng et al. (2021) | Chronic kidney disease | 1.78 | 1.64 | 1.94 | 51,672 | 9,58,102 | CKDGen, UK Biobank and HUNT | <0.001 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | CKD cases versus controls | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 902 |
| BMI | Huang et al. (2016) | Peripheral artery disease | 1.44 | 1.18 | 1.75 | 707 | 10,776 | Chinese population from Shanghai | 0.0004 | 1‐SD increase in BMI GRS | Cases: having ABI <0.9 or >1.4 at either side, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 14 |
| BMI | Martin et al. (2022) | Coronary artery disease | 1.41 | 1.1 | 1.81 | 43,054 | 4,07,969 | CIHDS/CCHS/CGPS/ Cardiogram | 0.007 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | cases: IHD/stenosis/atherosclerosis/positive ECG/ MI, controls: Healthy, controls: healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 73 |
| BMI | Martin et al. (2022) | Stroke | 1.19 | 1.07 | 1.31 | 14,171 | 1,33,027 | Finngen/Published GWAS | 1.00 E‐03 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | Cases: stroke as per WHO definition, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 73 |
| BMI | Martin et al. (2022) | Peripheral artery disease | 1.87 | 1.46 | 2.39 | 5323 | 1,67,843 | Chinese population | 4.00 E‐06 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | 11,837 Chinese participants from Shanghai | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 73 |
| BMI | Martin et al. (2022) | Atrial fibrillation | 1.65 | 1.33 | 2.05 | 17,325 | 97,214 | Finngen/Published GWAS | 5.00 E‐06 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | Cases: Paroxysmal or permanent atrial fibrillation, or atrial flutter, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 73 |
| BMI | Shah et al. (2020) | Heart failure | 1.61 | 1.45 | 1.79 | 47,309 | 9,30,014 | HERMES, UK Biobank | 2.70 E‐50 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | Cases: Heart failure, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 89 |
| BMI | Martin et al. (2022) | Heart failure | 1.86 | 1.6 | 2.16 | 9576 | 1,59,286 | Finngen/Published GWAS | 2.00 E‐16 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | Cases: any aetiology of heart failure with no inclusion criteria based on left ventricular ejection fraction, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 73 |
| BMI | Martin et al. (2022) | Chronic kidney disease | 1.21 | 1.08 | 1.36 | 2821 | 1,72,745 | Finngen | 0.002 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | Cases: eGFR<60?ml?min–1?per 1.73?m2, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 73 |
| BMI | Martin et al. (2022) | Abdominal aortic aneurysm | 1.16 | 0.83 | 1.62 | 1919 | 1,67,843 | Finngen/Published GWAS | 0.394 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | Cases: an infrarenal aortic diameter greater than 30 mm excluding secondary aneurysm, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 73 |
| DBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Cardiovascular disease | 1.05 | 0.96 | 1.16 | 45,746 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.6 | 5 mm/Hg DBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 364 |
| DBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Ischaemic heart disease | 1.04 | 0.93 | 1.16 | 36,748 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.7 | 5 mm/Hg DBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 364 |
| DBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Myocardial infarction | 1.09 | 0.96 | 1.24 | 27,500 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.4 | 5 mm/Hg DBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 364 |
| DBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Stable angina | 1.16 | 0.98 | 1.28 | 21,119 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.4 | 5 mm/Hg DBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 364 |
| DBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Unstable angina | 1.12 | 0.66 | 1.02 | 6190 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.4 | 5 mm/Hg DBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 364 |
| DBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Stroke | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.96 | 10,785 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.2 | 5 mm/Hg DBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 364 |
| DBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Ischaemic stroke | 0.9 | 0.76 | 1.06 | 9165 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.5 | 5 mm/Hg DBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 364 |
| DBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Intracerebral haemorrhage | 0.64 | 0.41 | 1 | 1154 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.3 | 5 mm/Hg DBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 364 |
| DBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Heart failure | 0.93 | 0.78 | 1.11 | 7650 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.7 | 5 mm/Hg DBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 364 |
| DBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Peripheral vascular disease | 0.83 | 0.69 | 1 | 8131 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.3 | 5 mm/Hg DBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 364 |
| DBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Arrhythmia | 0.9 | 0.75 | 1.09 | 24,637 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.6 | 5 mm/Hg DBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 364 |
| Fasting glucose | Ahmad et al. (2015) | Coronary Heart disease | 1.15 | 1 | 1.32 | 63,746 | 1,30,681 | Cardiogramplus | 0.05 | 0.025 mmol/L per allele | Cases: non‐diabetic participants with CHD, controls: healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 24 |
| Fasting glucose | Harati et al. (2019) | Atrial fibrillation | 0.95 | 0.82 | 1.09 | 60,620 | 9,70,210 | HUNT/DECODE/MGI/DiscovEHR/ AFGen | 0.49 | 1‐SD increase/mmol | Cases: AF, controls: Healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 36 |
| Fasting glucose | Kim et al. (2020) | Chronic kidney disease | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1 | 5909 | 10,030 | Korean population/KoGES/KARE | 0.098 | 1‐SD increase/mmol | General population | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 9 |
| Fasting glucose | Merino et al. (2017) | Coronary artery disease | 1.43 | 1.14 | 1.79 | 63,746 | 1,30,681 | UKBB | 0.02 | 1‐mmol/L increase in FG | Cases: participants with CAD, controls: healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 11 |
| Fasting glucose | Ross et al. (2015) | Coronary heart disease | 1.18 | 0.97 | 1.42 | 85,979 | 1,95,443 | Cardiogramplus | >0.05 | No causal effect | Cases: participants with CAD, controls: healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 30 |
| Fasting Insulin | Larsson et al. (2017) | Ischaemic stroke | 1.03 | 0.78 | 1.37 | 37,296 | 18,476 | METASTROKE, NINDS‐SiGN | 0.82 | 1‐SD increase for FI | Cases: ischaemic stroke, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 18 |
| Fasting Insulin | Liu et al. (2018) | Intracerebral haemorrhage | 0.48 | 0.12 | 1.86 | 2191 | 27,297 | NA | 0.288 | NA | Cases: intracerebral haemorrhage, controls: Healthy matched for age, sex, race | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 9 |
| Fasting Insulin | Liu et al. (2018) | Lacunar stroke | 1.52 | 0.45 | 5.08 | 2191 | 27,297 | NA | 0.5 | NA | Cases: lacunar stroke, controls: Healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 9 |
| Fasting Insulin | Tikkanen et al. (2016) | Coronary heart disease | 1.06 | 1.02 | 1.1 | 5834 | 11,668 | FINRISK/DILGOM/Corogene/Genmets | 0.002 | 1‐SD increase of GRS | Cases: MI, unstable angina/coronary revasc, death from CHD, controls: healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 20 |
| Fasting Insulin | Zhan et al. (2017) | Coronary Heart disease | 1.86 | 1.01 | 3.41 | 22,233 | 64,762 | CARDIoGRAMplusC4D/ENGAGE | 0.04 | log‐transformed fasting insulin | Cases: coronary heart disease, controls: Healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 10 |
| HbA1c | Harati et al. (2019) | Atrial fibrillation | 1.01 | 0.85 | 1.17 | 60,620 | 970,21 | HUNT/DECODE/MGI/DiscovEHR/ AFGen | 0.88 | 1‐SD mol (%) for HbA1c | Cases: AF, controls: Healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 11 |
| HbA1c | Leong et al. (2019) | Coronary heart disease | 1.61 | 1.4 | 1.84 | 79,716 | 5,79,475 | UKBB, Cardiogramplus | 1.00 E‐09 | 1‐SD increase in BMI | Cases: coronary heart disease, controls: Healthy | Final result suggests presence of pleiotropy | 36 |
| HbA1c | Mutie et al. (2020) | Coronary artery disease | 1.03 | 0.64 | 1.64 | 1,23,733 | 4,24,528 | UKBB, Cardiogramplus | >0.05 | No causal effect | Cases: coronary artery disease, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 10 |
| HbA1c | Ross et al. (2015) | Coronary artery disease | 1.53 | 1.14 | 2.05 | 85,979 | 1,95,443 | UKBB, Cardiogramplus | 0.002 | 1% increase in HbA1c | Cases: coronary artery disease, controls: Healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 9 |
| Insulin Resistance (IR) | Chen et al. (2020) | Coronary artery disease | 1.79 | 1.57 | 2.04 | 60,801 | 1,23,504 | GLGC, CARDIOGRAM/GENESIS | <0.001 | 1‐SD increase in IR | Cases: ischaemic stroke/stroke subtypes, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 52 |
| Insulin Resistance (IR) | Chen et al. (2020) | Ischaemic stroke | 1.21 | 1.05 | 1.4 | 67,162 | 4,54,450 | GLGC, CARDIOGRAM/GENESIS | 0.007 | 1‐SD increase in IR | Cases: ischaemic stroke/stroke subtypes, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 52 |
| Insulin Resistance (IR) | Chen et al. (2020) | Myocardial infarction | 1.78 | 1.54 | 2.06 | 60,801 | 1,23,504 | GLGC, CARDIOGRAM/GENESIS | <0.001 | 1‐SD increase in IR | Cases: ischaemic stroke/stroke subtypes, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 52 |
| Insulin Resistance (IR) | Chen et al. (2020) | Small‐artery occlusion type stroke | 1.8 | 1.3 | 2.49 | 67,162 | 4,54,450 | GLGC, CARDIOGRAM/GENESIS | <0.001 | 1‐SD increase in IR | Cases: ischaemic stroke/stroke subtypes, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 52 |
| Insulin Resistance (IR) | Zhao et al. (2019) | Atrial fibrillation | 3.23 | 1.88 | 5.56 | 14,442 | 3,92,010 | UKBB | 0.004 | 1‐SD increase in IR | Cases: atrial fibrillation, controls: Healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 7 |
| Non‐fasting glucose | Benn et al. (2012) | Ischaemic Heart disease | 1.25 | 1.03 | 1.52 | 14,155 | 66,367 | CIHDS/CCHS/CGPS | <0.001 | 1‐mmol/L increase NFBG | Cases: IHD/stenosis/atherosclerosis/positive ECG/ MI, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 5 |
| Non‐fasting glucose | Benn et al. (2012) | Myocardial infarction | 1.69 | 1.28 | 2.23 | 6257 | 74,265 | CIHDS/CCHS/CGPS | <0.001 | 1‐mmol/L increase NFBG | Cases: IHD/stenosis/atherosclerosis/positive ECG/ MI, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 5 |
| SBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Unstable angina | 1.69 | 1.38 | 2.08 | 6190 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.01 | 10 mm/Hg SBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 327 |
| SBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Stroke | 1.72 | 1.49 | 2 | 10,785 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.0003 | 10 mm/Hg SBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 327 |
| SBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Ischaemic stroke | 1.55 | 1.32 | 1.82 | 9165 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.007 | 10 mm/Hg SBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 327 |
| SBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Intracerebral haemorrhage | 2.57 | 1.66 | 3.97 | 1154 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.03 | 10 mm/Hg SBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 327 |
| SBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Heart failure | 1.42 | 1.2 | 1.69 | 7650 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.04 | 10 mm/Hg SBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 327 |
| SBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Peripheral vascular disease | 1.39 | 1.16 | 1.66 | 8131 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.04 | 10 mm/Hg SBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 327 |
| SBP | Wan et al. (2021) | Arrhythmia | 1.32 | 1.18 | 1.7 | 24,637 | 50,216 | UKBB, European British population | 0.06 | 10 mm/Hg SBP increase | Cases: defined according to ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 327 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Harati et al. (2019) | Atrial fibrillation | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 60,620 | 970,21 | HUNT/DECODE/MGI/DiscovEHR/AFGen | 0.37 | 1‐SD increase/mmol | Cases: AF, controls: Healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 122 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Huang et al. (2022) | Coronary atherosclerosis | 1.01 | 1 | 1.01 | 60,801 | 1,23,504 | UKBB | 0.008 | 1‐SD increase mmol/mol | Cases: coronary atherosclerosis, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 277 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Huang et al. (2022) | Ischaemic Heart disease | 1.13 | 1.1 | 1.15 | 60,801 | 1,23,504 | CARDIoGRAMplusC4D | 0.001 | Genetically increased T2D | Cases: ischaemic heart disease, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 269 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Huang et al. (2022) | Ischaemic stroke | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.1 | 67,162 | 4,54,450 | MEGASTROKE | 0.01 | Genetically increased T2D | Cases: ischaemic stroke, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 269 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Huang et al. (2022) | Major coronary heart disease events | 1 | 1.002 | 1.004 | 60,801 | 1,23,504 | UKBB | <0.001 | Genetically increased T2D | Cases: major coronary heart disease events, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 231 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Huang et al. (2022) | Myocardial infarction | 1.13 | 1.1 | 1.16 | 60,801 | 1,23,504 | CARDIoGRAMplusC4D | <0.001 | Genetically increased T2D | Cases: myocardial infarction, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 231 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Huang et al. (2022) | Peripheral artery disease | 1.21 | 1.16 | 1.25 | 60,801 | 1,23,504 | CARDIoGRAMplusC4D | <0.001 | Genetically increased T2D | Cases: peripheral artery disease, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 217 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Huang et al. (2022) | Stroke | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.11 | 67,162 | 4,54,450 | MEGASTROKE | <0.001 | Genetically increased T2D | Cases: stroke, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 231 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Larsson et al. (2017) | Ischaemic stroke | 1.12 | 1.07 | 1.17 | 18,476 | 37,296 | MEGASTROKE/NINDS/SiGN | 3.00 E‐06 | 1‐unit‐higher log‐odds for T2D | Cases: ischaemic stroke, controls: Healthy | Final result consistent with sensitivity analysis | 49 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Liu et al. (2018) | Intracerebral haemorrhage | 1.07 | 0.89 | 1.28 | 2254 | 8195 | CDK portal/Cambridge ICH/UKBB | 0.269 | No causal effect | Cases: intracerebral haemorrhage, controls: Healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 77 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Liu et al. (2018) | Lacunar stroke | 1.15 | 1.04 | 1.28 | 2191 | 27,297 | CDK portal/Cambridge ICH/UKBB | 0.007 | Twofold increase in T2D | Cases: lacunar stroke, controls: Healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 77 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Liu et al. (2018) | Aortic stenosis | 1.13 | 1.08 | 1.19 | 2244 | 3,67,703 | UKBB | <0.001 | Twofold increase in T2D | Cases: patients with aortic valve stenosis according to ICD9, ICD10, Controls: Healthy | Final result after excluding pleiotropic SNPs | 243 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Mordi et al. (2021) | Heart failure | 1.06 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 47,309 | 9,30,014 | HERMES, European population | <0.001 | 1‐log unit higher odds of T2D | Cases: physician diagnosis of HF, image diagnosis, ICD codes, Controls: Healthy | Final result suggests presence of pleiotropy | 763 |
Note: Exposure: The genetic instrument used for the respective Mendelian randomization study.
Study: Author and year of publication.
Complication: the outcome studied.
OR (odds ratio), LCI (lower confidence interval) and UCI (upper confidence interval): change in the risk of outcome.
n.Case (number of cases) and n.Contr (number of controls).
Cohort: information about the ethnic group of each study.
p value: the statistical significance of the exposure vs outcome association.
Unit: for the effect size of each exposure.
Disease definition: Definition of each outcome/complication.
Pleiotropy: indicates either horizontal pleiotropy present, pleiotropic SNPs were removed, or no pleiotropy detected.
n.SNPs: the number of SNPs identified to be associated with outcome in each study.