Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate of patients who were hospitalized for acute heart failure
| Baseline eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <45 (n = 185) | 45 to <60 (n = 121) | ≥60 (n = 194) | Total (n = 500) | p‐value for trend | |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 73.8 ± 10.1 | 70.0 ± 11.8 | 62.2 ± 14.4 | 68.4 ± 13.3 | <0.0001 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Men | 114 (61.6) | 74 (61.2) | 143 (73.7) | 331 (66.2) | 0.0125 |
| Women | 71 (38.4) | 47 (38.8) | 51 (26.3) | 169 (33.8) | |
| Race or ethnic group, n (%) | |||||
| White | 149 (80.5) | 100 (82.6) | 140 (72.2) | 389 (77.8) | 0.1061 |
| Black | 14 (7.6) | 8 (6.6) | 27 (13.9) | 49 (9.8) | |
| Asian | 20 (10.8) | 11 (9.1) | 26 (13.4) | 57 (11.4) | |
| Other/mixed race | 2 (1.1) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | 4 (0.8) | |
| Missing | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | |
| Geographic region, n (%) | |||||
| Europe | 121 (65.4) | 86 (71.1) | 116 (59.8) | 323 (64.6) | 0.4930 |
| North America | 44 (23.8) | 24 (19.8) | 53 (27.3) | 121 (24.2) | |
| Asia | 20 (10.8) | 11 (9.1) | 25 (12.9) | 56 (11.2) | |
| NYHA class, n (%) | |||||
| I | 6 (3.2) | 3 (2.5) | 5 (2.6) | 14 (2.8) | 0.2738 |
| II | 52 (28.1) | 52 (43.0) | 72 (37.1) | 176 (35.2) | |
| III | 109 (58.9) | 56 (46.3) | 96 (49.5) | 261 (52.2) | |
| IV | 18 (9.7) | 10 (8.3) | 21 (10.8) | 49 (9.8) | |
| KCCQ‐TSS, mean ± SD | 39.35 ± 23.34 | 42.71 ± 24.20 | 40.92 ± 24.30 | 40.78 ± 23.91 | 0.5383 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/ml, median [IQR] | 4666 [2436–9362] (n = 184) | 3287 [1817–6223] (n = 120) | 2378 [1288–3832] (n = 190) | 3240 [1725–6104] (n = 494) | <0.0001 a |
| Blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | |||||
| Systolic | 124.5 ± 18.2 | 124.7 ± 18.1 | 122.7 ± 17.7 | 123.8 ± 18.0 | 0.3312 |
| Diastolic | 70.4 ± 11.9 | 74.5 ± 12.8 | 74.9 ± 11.8 | 73.2 ± 12.2 | 0.0004 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 29.45 ± 6.30 (n = 183) | 29.80 ± 8.22 (n = 120) | 30.64 ± 9.17 (n = 194) | 30.00 ± 7.98 (n = 497) | 0.1488 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, n (%) | |||||
| ≤40% | 106 (57.3) | 78 (64.5) | 152 (78.4) | 336 (67.2) | <0.0001 |
| >40% | 77 (41.6) | 40 (33.1) | 41 (21.1) | 158 (31.6) | |
| Missing | 2 (1.1) | 3 (2.5) | 1 (0.5) | 6 (1.2) | |
| Haemoglobin, g/dl, mean ± SD | 12.41 ± 1.96 (n = 172) | 13.63 ± 1.94 (n = 115) | 13.89 ± 1.98 (n = 187) | 13.29 ± 2.07 (n = 474) | <0.0001 |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||||
| Diabetes | 103 (55.7) | 49 (40.5) | 73 (37.6) | 225 (45.0) | 0.0004 |
| Hypertension | 159 (85.9) | 102 (84.3) | 138 (71.1) | 399 (79.8) | 0.0002 |
| Myocardial infarction | 61 (33.0) | 29 (24.0) | 31 (16.0) | 121 (24.2) | 0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 114 (61.6) | 58 (47.9) | 71 (36.6) | 243 (48.6) | <0.0001 |
| CABG or PCI | 75 (40.5) | 32 (26.4) | 40 (20.6) | 147 (29.4) | <0.0001 |
| Valvular heart disease | 124 (67.0) | 79 (65.3) | 115 (59.3) | 318 (63.6) | 0.1143 |
| Heart failure status, n (%) | |||||
| Decompensated CHF | 144 (77.8) | 80 (66.1) | 111 (57.2) | 335 (67.0) | <0.0001 |
| Acute de novo | 41 (22.2) | 41 (33.9) | 83 (42.8) | 165 (33.0) | |
| Medication, n (%) | |||||
| ACE inhibitor and/or ARB and/or ARNi | 110 (59.5) | 91 (75.2) | 150 (77.3) | 351 (70.2) | 0.0001 |
| ACE inhibitor | 49 (26.5) | 39 (32.2) | 77 (39.7) | 165 (33.0) | 0.0061 |
| ARB | 44 (23.8) | 34 (28.1) | 32 (16.5) | 110 (22.0) | 0.0862 |
| ARNi | 18 (9.7) | 18 (14.9) | 43 (22.2) | 79 (15.8) | 0.0008 |
| MRA | 75 (40.5) | 67 (55.4) | 120 (61.9) | 262 (52.4) | <0.0001 |
| Beta‐blocker | 146 (78.9) | 98 (81.0) | 153 (78.9) | 397 (79.4) | 0.9823 |
| Loop diuretic | 159 (85.9) | 101 (83.5) | 154 (79.4) | 414 (82.8) | 0.0885 |
ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNi, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CHF, chronic heart failure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range; KCCQ‐TSS, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire total symptom score; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal‐prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SD, standard deviation.
Note: 30 patients were excluded due to missing baseline eGFR results.
Based on log‐transformed results.