TABLE 1.

LncRNAs and their effects in T2D

LncRNA	LncRNA origin	Experimental species	Possible molecular mechanisms	Ref.
β cell related
HI‐LNC25/HI‐LNC78/HI‐LNC80	Pancreatic islet tissue	Human	Target islet transcription factor GLIS3	17
β‐linc 1	Pancreatic islet tissue	Human	Affect endocrine cell differentiation	18
H19	Pancreatic islet tissue	T2D mice/Rat β cells	Promote β cell proliferation via let‐7/AKT	19
Adipose development related
BATE1/Blnc1	BAT	Mice	Promote brown and beige adipocyte differentiation	20
Blnc1	BAT	Mice	Promote mitochondrial biogenesis	21
LINC00473	BAT progenitor cells	Human	Regulate mitochondrial oxidative metabolism	22
Adi	ADSCs	Rats	Promote adipogenesis via targeting miR‐499	23
Dio3os	Fetal BAT from maternal obesity	Mice	Inhibit brown adipose development via maternally imprinted	24
Glucose homeostasis related
H19	Livers of db/db mice	Mice	Inhibit gluconeogenesis via Foxo1	25
Bhmt‐AS	Livers of db/db mice	Mice	Promote gluconeogenesis	26
lncSHGL	Livers	Mice	Inhibit gluconeogenesis via interacting with hnRNPA1	27
Different expressed‐144 lncRNAs	C2C12 skeletal muscle cells	FFA induced insulin resistant cells	Associated with FAO metabolism and insulin signaling	28
Different expressed‐401 lncRNAs	Skeletal muscles	Rats	Associated with mRNA that regulate glucose metabolism	29
H19	Skeletal muscles	Rats	Promote glucose metabolism via DUSP27/AMPK	30
H19	Primary satellite cells isolated from muscles	Mice	Promote FAO gene expressions via interacting with hnRNPA1	31
Inflammatory related
LYPLAL1‐DT	Leukocytes	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	Inhibit inflammation via miR‐204‐5p/SIRT1	32
Linc‐Gm4419	Renal tissue/Mesangial cells	Mice/HG treated cells	Promote inflammation via NLRP3	33
MALAT1	Brain tissue	Human T2D with OSA	Promote inflammation via miR‐224‐5p/NLRP3	34
MALAT1	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells	NA	Promote inflammation via miR‐1‐3p	35
SNHG5	Serum/HK2 cells	Human/HG treated HK2 cells	Promote inflammation via miR‐224‐5p	36
H19	Retinal epithelial cells	HG treated retinal epithelial cells	Inhibit inflammation via miR‐93/XBP1	37
Lnc uc.48	Serum/Macrophages	Human/HG and FFA treated cells	Promote inflammation via P2X7R/ERK	38
Dnm3Os	BMDM	Mice	Promote inflammatory gene expressions via global histone modifications	39
DRAIR	Monocytes	Human	Inhibit inflammation via epigenetic mechanisms	40
MIST	Adipose macrophages	Mice	Inhibit inflammation via interacting with PARP‐1	41
Tcons_00077866	Pancreatic β‐TC6 cells	Mice	Promote inflammation via miR‐297b‐5p/SAA3	42

Abbreviations: ADSCs, adipose derived stromal cells; BAT, brown adipose tissue; BMDM, bone marrow derived macrophages; FFA, fatty acid; HG, high glucose; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; T2D, type 2 diabetes.