TABLE 1.
Characteristics of studies included in Analyses
| Author(s) | Year of publication | Sample size | Age‐ M (SD; range) | Number of females | Education | Race and ethnicity | Diagnostic tool | Number of past episodes in remitted MDD group | Depression severity measure | Number of cues | Cues valence | Memories reported | Duration for responses (seconds) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aglan, Williams, Pickles, & Hill | 2010 |
N case = 46 N control = 57 |
M case = 32.96 (2.52; 25–37) M control = 31.19 (3.05; 25–37) |
N case = 46 N control = 57 |
NR | NR | RECAP or SADS (for child); DSM‐IV for adult | 45% had >1 past episodes | NR | 15 | 5 positive, 5 negative, 5 neutral | Overgeneral | 30 |
| Barnhofer, Crane, Spinhoven, & Williams | 2007 |
N case = 16 N control = 19 |
M case = 34.44 (14.75; 12–41) M control = 29.74 (10.74; 12–41) |
N case l = 10 N control = 11 |
NR | NR | SCID for DSM‐IV‐TR | Mean of 5.0 past episodes (SD = 6.5) | BDI‐II | 24 |
12 positive, 12 negative |
Specific | 30 |
| Burnside, Startup, Byatt, Rollinson, & Hill | 2004 |
N case = 18 N control = 19 |
M case = 38.2 (2.41; 31–41) M control = 35.8 (3.07; 31–41) |
N case = 22 N control = 19 |
NR | NR | SADS‐L | NR | BDI | 10 | 5 positive, 5 negative | Overgeneral | 30 |
| Champagne et al. | 2016 |
N case = 25 N control = 25 |
M case = 13.92 (2.27; 11–18) M control = 13.96 (1.79; 11–18) |
N case = 14 N control = 13 |
NR |
80% Caucasian in remitted MDD group 92% Caucasian in control group |
K‐SADS‐PL | NR | CDI | 10 | 5 positive, 5 negative | Specific | 60 |
| Crane, Barnhofer, & Williams | 2007 |
N case = 23 N control = 21 |
M case = 36.13 (13.92; 18–62) M control = 29.48 (10.35; 18–62) |
N case = 14 N control = 12 |
NR | NR | SCID for DSM‐IV | Mean of 6.8 past episodes (SD = 9.7) | BDI‐II | 36 | 18 positive,18 negative | Both | 30 |
| Gupta & Kar | 2012 |
N case = 10 N control = 10 |
M case = 43 (4.49; 38–53) M control = 43.6 (5.21; 32–50) |
N case = 5 N control = 5 |
Education in years for remitted MDD group, M = 15.70; SD = 3.33 Education in years for control group, M = 18.30; SD = 2.11 |
NR | HDRS | NR | HDRS | 15 | 5 positive, 5 negative, 5 neutral | Specific | 60 |
| Haddad, Harmer, & Williams | 2014 |
N case = 24 N control = 24 |
M case = 26.46 (8.22; 18–54) M control = 24.58 (4.84; 19–54) |
N case = 24 N control = 24 |
NR | NR | SCID for DSM‐IV | Mean of 1.9 past episodes (SD = 1) | BDI‐II | 40 | 20 positive, 20 negative | Both | 20 |
| Haringsma, Spinhoven, Engels, & van der Leeden | 2010 |
N case = 63 N control = 60 |
M case = 64.92 (6.84; 55–86) M control = 64.47 (6.65; 55–86) |
N case = 48 N control = 47 |
Remitted MDD group: 23.8% completed primary school; 44.4% had 7–11 years in education; 31.8% had ≥12 years in education Control group: 18.33% completed primary school; 48.33% had 7–11 years in education; 33.33% had ≥12 years in education |
NR | MINI | Mean of 1.5 (SD = 0.5) | CES‐D | 10 | 5 positive, 5 negative | Specific | 60 |
| Jermann et al. | 2013 |
N case = 36 N control = 20 |
M case = 46.8 (10.5) M control = 45.9 (8.8) |
N case = 25 N control = 15 |
Education in years remitted MDD group, M = 15.4; SD = 3.4 Education in years for control group, M = 14.0; SD = 3.4 |
NR | MADRS | Mean of 4.5 past episodes (SD = 2.2) | BDI‐II | 12 | 6 positive, 6 negative | Both |
NR |
| Kuyken & Dalgleish | 2011 |
N case = 15 N control = 15 |
M case = 16.73 (0.8; 14–18) M control = 16.07 (1.67; 14–18) |
N case = 13 N control = 10 |
Highest level of education for remitted MDD group: 27% primary, 60% lower secondary, 13% higher secondary Highest level of education for control group: 20% primary, 73% lower secondary, 7% higher secondary |
NR | SCID for DSM‐IV | Mean of 1.2 past episodes (SD = 1.1) | BDI‐II | 10 | 5 positive, 5 negative | Both | 30 |
| Mackinger, Pachinger, Leibetseder, & Fartacek | 2000 |
N case = 21 N control = 20 |
M case = 47.9 (11.4; 21–60) M control = 46 (11; 21–60) |
N case = 21 N control = 20 |
NR | NR | DSM‐III‐R | NR | BDI | 12 | 6 positive,6 negative | Both | 60 |
| Matsumoto, Takahasi, & Hallford | 2021 |
N case = 21 N control = 21 |
M case = 30.14 (4.87) M control = 29.19 (4.69) |
N case = 11 N control = 12 |
Education in years remitted MDD group, M = 15.10; SD = 1.95 Education in years for control group, M = 15.67; SD = 1.32 |
100% Japanese sample | SCID for DSM‐IV‐TR | Mean of 1.6 past episodes (SD = 1.3) | BDI‐II | 10 | 5 positive, 5 negative | Both | 30 |
| Park, Goodyer, & Teasdale | 2002 |
N case = 9 N control = 33 |
M case = 14.4 (1.1; 12–17) M control = 14.6 (1.3; 12–17) |
N case = 6 N control = 21 |
NR | NR | K‐SADS‐PL | NR | MFQ | 12 | 6 positive, 6 negative | Overgeneral | 60 |
| Spinhoven, et al. | 2006 |
N case = 122 N control = 37 |
M case = 44.7 (9) M control = 44.2 (13.3) |
N case = 92 N control = 29 |
Education level for remitted MDD group: 13.5% low, 35.1% medium, 51.4% high Education level for control group: 29.3% low, 33.6% medium, 37.1% high |
NR | SCID for DSM‐IV | Mean of 4.1 past episodes was (SD = 1.5) | BDI | 10 | 5 positive, 5 negative | Specific | 60 |
| Sumner et al. | 2014 |
N case = 164 N control = 275 |
M case = 22.5 (0.9; 20–25) M control = 22.4 (0.9; 20–25) |
N case = 121 N control = 179 |
NR |
61% Caucasian in remitted MDD group 58% Caucasian in control group |
SCID for DSM‐IV | NR | / | 12 | 6 positive, 6 negative | Specific | 30 |
| Wessel et al. | 2001 |
N case = 20 N control = 24 |
M case = 37.5 (8.5; 20–58) M control = 35.1 (10.4; 20–58) |
N experimental = 13 N control = 12 |
Education level for remitted MDD group, M = 7.1; SD = 2.1 Education level for control group, M = 7.2; SD = 2.3 (Education level ranged from 1 = no education to 11 = university degree) |
NR | DSM‐III‐R | NR | SDS | 10 | 5 positive, 5 negative | Specific | 120 |
| Wessel, Postma, Huntjens, & Crane | 2013 |
N case = 28 N control = 33 |
M case = 38.71 (7.23; 24–64) M control = 40 (7.7; 24–64) |
N case = 28 N control = 33 |
Education level for remitted MDD group, M = 4.5; SD = 1.55 Education level for control group, M = 5.24; SD = 1.25 (Education level ranged from 1 = elementary school to 7 = university degree) |
NR | SCID‐I | NR | BDI‐II | 10 | 5 positive, 5 negative | Specific | 30 |
| Williams, Barnhofer, Crane, & Beck | 2005 |
N case = 34 N control = 22 |
M case = 43.21 (10.70; 18–65) M control = 49.6 (7.3; 18–65) |
N case = 23 N control = 13 |
NR | NR | SCID for DSM‐IV | Mean of 2.7 past episodes (SD = 2.1) | BDI‐II | 18 | 6 positive, 6 negative, 6 neutral | Specific | 30 |