| Trial | Intervention | Primary endpoint | Outcomes | Implications for practice | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer | ||||
| Docetaxel | ||||
| STAMPEDE (Arm C) (2016) 65 | ADT ± docetaxel | OS | Docetaxel is subsidised on the PBS; it should be considered in all fit patients with mHSPC, particularly with high volume disease | |
| CHAARTED (2015) 66 | ADT ± docetaxel | OS | 
 | |
| Enzalutamide | ||||
| ENZAMET (2019) 67 | ADT ± enzalutamide v ADT + non‐steroidal anti‐androgen therapy (45% concurrent docetaxel) | OS | 
 | Not currently subsidised on the PBS for this indication; patients can choose to self‐fund enzalutamide | 
| ARCHES (2019) 68 | ADT ± enzalutamide (18% had prior docetaxel) | rPFS | 
 | |
| Abiraterone | ||||
| LATITUDE (2017) 69 | ADT ± abiraterone | OS, rPFS | 
 | Not currently subsidised on the PBS for this indication; patients can choose to self‐fund abiraterone | 
| STAMPEDE (Arm G) (2017) 70 | ADT ± abiraterone | OS | 
 | |
| PEACE‐1 (2021) 71 | ADT ± docetaxel v ADT + abiraterone ± docetaxel (± local RT) | PFS, OS | 
 | |
| Apalutamide | ||||
| TITAN (2019) 72 | ADT ± apalutamide (11% had prior docetaxel) | PFS, OS | 
 | Not currently subsidised on the PBS for this indication | 
| Darolutamide | ||||
| ARASENS (2022) 73 | ADT + docetaxel ± darolutamide | OS | 
 | Not currently subsidised on the PBS for this indication | 
| Radiotherapy to the prostate | ||||
| STAMPEDE (Arm H) (2018) 74 | ADT ± radiotherapy to the prostate | OS | 
 | Radiotherapy to the prostate recommended in patients with recently diagnosed metastatic low volume prostate cancer | 
| Non‐metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer | ||||
| Enzalutamide | ||||
| PROSPER (2020) 75 | ADT ± enzalutamide | OS | 
 | Not currently subsidised on the PBS for this indication | 
| Apalutamide | ||||
| SPARTAN (2018) 76 | ADT ± apalutamide | Metastasis‐free survival | 
 | Apalutamide is available on the PBS for this indication | 
| Darolutamide | ||||
| ARAMIS (2019) 77 | ADT ± darolutamide | Metastasis‐free survival | 
 | Darolutamide is available on the PBS for this indication | 
| Metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer | ||||
| Cabazitaxel | ||||
| TROPIC (2010) 78 | Cabazitaxel 25mg/m 2 v 12mg/m 2 mitoxantrone | OS | 
 | Cabazitaxel is used after a patient has progressed on docetaxel and is PBS‐subsidised for this indication | 
| Abiraterone | ||||
| COU‐AA‐301 (2011) 79 | ADT ± abiraterone (post docetaxel) | OS | 
 | Abiraterone is available on the PBS for this indication; it can be used before or after chemotherapy | 
| COU‐AA‐302 (2013) 80 | ADT ± abiraterone (pre docetaxel) | OS, rPFS | 
 | |
| Enzalutamide | ||||
| PREVAIL (2014) 81 | ADT ± enzalutamide (pre docetaxel) | OS, rPFS | 
 | Enzalutamide is available on the PBS for this indication; it can be used before or after chemotherapy | 
| AFFIRM (2012) 82 | ADT ± enzalutamide (post docetaxel) | OS | 
 | |
| Olaparib | ||||
| PROFound (2020) 83 | Olaparib v abiraterone/enzalutamide (in HRD+ patients only) | rPFS | 
 | Approved on the PBS for use in mCRPC in patients with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation and who have progressed on a prior anti‐androgen | 
| LuPSMA | ||||
| TheraP (2021) 84 | 177Lu‐PSMA v cabazitaxel | PSA response rate | 
 | 177Lu‐PSMA‐617 FDA‐approved for use after a taxane and anti‐androgen; not yet TGA‐approved; available in some centres on compassionate access and through clinical trials | 
| VISION (2021) 85 | SOC ± 177Lu‐PSMA | OS, rPFS | 
 | |
AAT = α‐1 antitrypsin; ADT = androgen deprivation therapy; BSC = best standard of care; FDA = Food and Drug Administration; HR = hazard ratio; HRD + = homologous recombination deficiency; mCRPC = metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer; mHSPC = metastatic hormone‐sensitive; NR = not reached; OS = overall survival; PBS = Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme; PFS = progression‐free survival; PSA = prostate‐specific antigen; rPFS = radiographic progression‐free survival; RT = radiotherapy; SOC = standard of care; TGA = Therapeutic Goods Administration.
Low volume (CHAARTED): less than four bone metastases.
High volume (CHAARTED): more than four bone metastases (at least one outside the spine or pelvis) ± visceral metastasis.