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. 2023 Jan 9;13:432. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-27247-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PRISMA flow diagram showing the identification of eligible studies via databases, registers, and citation searching. Self-reported/subjective stress was the primary outcome for the quantitative synthesis random-effects meta-analysis. Total number of included studies was 26. Trial registries searched primary outcome only.