TABLE 2.

Utility of blood biomarkers in ALS and utilisation in ongoing clinical trials

Blood biomarker	Diagnostic utility	Prognostic utility	Commercial immunoassays	Clinical trial(s)	Status of trial	Key references
NfL	✔	✔	✔	AP‐101	Recruiting	Thompson et al., 2022 75 ; Behzadi et al., 2021 68 ; Bjornevik et al., 2021 59 ; Benatar et al., 2019 25 ; Feneberg et al., 2018 72
				BIIB067 (Tofersen)	Failed at Phase 3
				Rapamycin	Ongoing
				Aldesleukin	Ongoing
pNfH/NfH		✔	✔	AP‐101	Recruiting	Adiutori et al., 2021 37 ; Lu, Petzold et al., 2015 36 ; Lu et al., 2011 35
				BIIB067 (Tofersen)	Failed at Phase 3
				Rapamycin	Ongoing
				AMX0035	Ongoing
miRNAs		✔		REALS‐1	Recruiting	Magen et al., 2021 77
Tregs		✔	✔	Rapamycin	Ongoing	Camu et al., 2020 78 ; Rajabinejad et al., 2020 48 ; Beers, 2017 79
				Aldesleukin	Ongoing
hs‐cTnT	✔		✔			Kläppe et al., 2022 76
CK		✔	✔			Chen et al. 2021 41
anti‐NFs		✔				Puentes et al., 2021 49 ; Puentes et al., 2014 80

Abbreviations: anti‐NFs, antibodies against neurofilament peptides; CK, creatine kinase; hs‐cTnT, high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T; miRNAs, micro‐RNAs; NfL, neurofilament light chain; pNfH/NfH, (phosphorylated) neurofilament heavy chain; Tregs, T‐regulatory cells.