Figure1 .

GD treatment triggered senescence and apoptosis in human NP cells

(A) CCK-8 assay results of NP cells incubated with glucose-free medium for various durations (0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). (B,C) Protein expressions of p53, p21, and p16 in NP cells exposed to GD treatment for different durations were measured by western blot analysis. (D,E) SA-β-gal staining assay results from NP cells subjected to GD treatment for different durations, and the quantification of positive SA-β-gal stained NP cells. Scale bar: 100 μm. (F–I) Expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins in NP cells subjected to GD treatment for different durations were detected by western blot analysis. (J,K) Flow cytometry analysis of Annexin V/PI double staining was performed to evaluate apoptosis. NP cells were treated as indicated above and both early apoptotic and late apoptotic cells were quantified. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.