TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of NHANES participants from 2017–2018 with NAFLD according to food security status.
| NAFLD (n = 1351) | NAFLD with significant fibrosis (n = 248) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic of participants (% or mean ± SE) | Food secure (n = 1046) | Food insecure (n = 305) | Food secure (n = 193) | Food insecure (n = 55) |
| Age (years) | 52 (0.8) | 46 (1.3) | 53 (2.2) | 49 (2.5) |
| Male gender, % | 56 (0.02) | 42 (0.05) | 57 (0.1) | 56 (0.1) |
| Race/ethnicity, % | ||||
| White | 69 (0.03) | 51 (0.05) | 69 (0.1) | 58 (0.1) |
| Black | 8 (0.01) | 11 (0.03) | 8 (0.02) | 10 (0.05) |
| Asian | 6 (0.01) | 3 (0.01) | 5 (0.02) | 2 (0.02) |
| Hispanic | 17 (0.02) | 35 (0.06) | 17 (0.03) | 30 (0.08) |
| Foreign born, % | 18 (0.02) | 27 (0.04) | 13 (0.03) | 23 (0.07) |
| Smoking history, % | 41 (0.03) | 51 (0.04) | 39 (0.05) | 63 (0.07) |
| Poverty income ratio < 1, % | 6 (0.01) | 37 (0.03) | 5 (0.02) | 46 (0.09) |
| HEI‐2015 composite score | 49 (0.9) | 46 (1.4) | 46 (1.1) | 46 (2.7) |
| Utilised emergency food assistance, % | 3 (0.01) | 33 (0.04) | 3 (0.01) | 28 (0.08) |
| Married, % | 72 (0.02) | 57 (0.05) | 67 (0.06) | 53 (0.1) |
| Employed, % | 60 (0.02) | 55 (0.04) | 63 (0.06) | 48 (0.1) |
| Education level, % | ||||
| <High school | 7 (0.01) | 23 (0.03) | 11 (0.03) | 33 (0.1) |
| High school/GED | 31 (0.02) | 38 (0.05) | 37 (0.1) | 36 (0.1) |
| >High school | 62 (0.02) | 39 (0.03) | 53 (0.06) | 31 (0.1) |
| Insurance category, % | ||||
| Private | 71 (0.02) | 35 (0.02) | 70 (0.1) | 36 (0.1) |
| Public | 21 (0.02) | 46 (0.03) | 21 (0.04) | 46 (0.1) |
| None | 8 (0.02) | 19 (0.03) | 9 (0.03) | 18 (0.07) |
| History of alcohol use in survey year, % | 77 (0.02) | 70 (0.03) | 72 (0.1) | 62 (0.1) |
| Sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption (>2 beverages per day), % | 38 (0.03) | 49 (0.03) | 45 (0.1) | 56 (0.1) |
| Coffee consumption (>3 cups per day), % | 26 (0.02) | 16 (0.04) | 15 (0.05) | 15 (0.1) |
| Fast food consumption % of calories from fast food) | 14 (1.4) | 14 (2.1) | 17 (2.3) | 20 (6.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33 (0.4) | 35 (0.6) | 39 (1.0) | 39 (1.0) |
| Obese, % | 68 (0.03) | 74 (0.03) | 88 (0.03) | 90 (0.04) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 111 (0.9) | 112 (1.2) | 124 (2.1) | 124 (2.3) |
| HbA1c, % | 6.0 (0.1) | 6.0 (0.1) | 6.3 (0.1) | 6.6 (0.3) |
| Diabetic, % | 22 (0.02) | 21 (0.03) | 42 (0.04) | 43 (0.1) |
| Hyperlipidaemia, % | 51 (0.03) | 47 (0.05) | 54 (0.1) | 58 (0.1) |
| Hypertension, % | 65 (0.02) | 61 (0.04) | 74 (0.03) | 71 (0.1) |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.5 (0.02) | 0.4 (0.02) | 0.5 (0.03) | 0.5 (0.06) |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 248 (4.0) | 256 (6.9) | 245 (5.2) | 244 (10.0) |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.1 (0.02) | 4.0 (0.04) | 4.0 (0.05) | 4.0 (0.1) |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 (0.02) | 0.8 (0.02) | 0.9 (0.03) | 0.9 (0.04) |
| ALT (U/L) | 28 (0.8) | 29 (2.9) | 36 (2.6) | 39 (8.4) |
| AST (U/L) | 24 (0.7) | 23 (1.3) | 30 (2.5) | 32 (4.3) |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GED, general education development; HEI‐2015, healthy eating index‐2015; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.