Table 5.

Comparison Between the Proposed Design, Bending, Dip, and Join Process and the Traditional Porous Structure Manufacturing Processes

	Cellular structure manufacturing method
	Foam	Additive manufacturing/3D printing	Strucwire/wire-woven metal	Constructed lattice (sheet forming, casting and joining brazing, laser, etc.)	DBDJ (proposed)
Aperiodic configuration
Lattice pattern	Random pattern	Multiple pattern within and between layer is achievable	Single pattern	Single pattern	Multiple pattern within and between layer is achievable
Controllable heterogeneity/topology based progressivity/aperiodicity	Not achievable	Achievable	Not achievable	Not achievable	Achievable
Object shape conformity	Cut-to-fit	Shape conforming	Cut-to-fit	Cut-to-fit	Shape conforming
Other configuration
Manufacturing steps	Multistage, complex process	Single- or two-stage depending on the process	Multistage, complex process, assembly required	Multistage complex process, assembly required	Two-step: bending and dipping
Material recycling	Very much limited	Limited to none	Limited to none	Limited to none	Direct
In situ design reconfiguration	Not possible	Achievable with digital thread	Not possible	Not possible	Achievable with digital thread
Form of material	Liquid or solid	Powder, wire or liquid	Discrete wire	Discrete wire	Continuous wire
Strength of structure	Low to medium	Low to medium	High	High	Low to medium
Number of joining nodes	n/a	Virtually infinite	Significantly high	High	Minimal
Multilayer structure	Limited by stacking	Achievable	Achievable	Limited by stacking single layer	Achievable

3D, three-dimensional; DBDJ, Design, Bending, Dip, and Join.