Table 2.

Reviewed Studies Detailing Three-Dimensional-Printed Cutting, Drill, and Navigation Guides

Field of application	Device description[Ref.]	3D-printing technology Printer (producer) Material	Patients Medical condition	Device use and clinical outcome
Anesthe-siology	Single-use articulating needle guide for in-plane ultrasound-guided nerve blocks.89	SLA N/A (Formlabs) ABS	1 patient, 54 yrs Morbid obesity (BMI = 56)	Successful supraclavicular block with echogenic needle on first insertion.
Maxillofacial surgery	Patient-specific cutting and drill guides for jaw reconstruction after tumor resection.23	MJ N/A MED610 Resin	N/A of 9♀, 1♂, 22–75 yrs (mean 53) Bone defect due to osteoma, osteosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, ameloblastoma resection, and secondary mandibular defect due to clear cell carcinoma treatment.	Successful, simplified, highly accurate reconstruction, with precise adaptation of plates to bone surface without the need for intraoperative bending of plates, and no major adverse events at the 6.5-month follow-up.
	Patient-specific cutting and drill guides for jaw reconstruction after tumor resection.23	FDM N/A ULTEM™ 1010	N/A of 9♀, 1♂, 22–75 yrs (mean 53) Bone defect due to osteoma, osteosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, ameloblastoma resection, and secondary mandibular defect due to clear cell carcinoma treatment.	Successful, simplified, and highly accurate reconstruction, with precise adaptation of plates to bone surface without the need for intraoperative bending of plates, and no major adverse events at the 6.5-month follow-up.
	Patient-specific cutting guide for maxillary tumor resection—TruMatch CMF Solutions (DePuy Synthes).24	N/A N/A PA	♀, 62 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of maxilla.	Successful, complication-free tumor resection, with no unplanned surgical manipulation and shorter operating time.
	Patient-specific drill guide for midface reconstruction with patient-specific maxillary reconstruction plate—TruMatch CMF Solutions (DePuy Synthes).24	N/A N/A Titanium	♀, 62 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of maxilla.	Successful, complication-free maxilla and midface reconstruction, with no unplanned surgical manipulation and shorter operating time.
	Patient-specific osteotomy guides for minimally invasive mandible resection and reconstruction with a vascularized fibula flap.76	FDM N/A (Ultimaker) PLA	4♀, 3♂, 28–59 yrs (mean 49.3) Oral ameloblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma, myxoma.	Successful mandible reconstruction with excellent fit and satisfactory footprint of the guides, and high correlation between the virtual and actual osteotomies. Overall, 2 guides were partially broken due to excessive manipulation, but they were still usable. No complications up to the 16-month follow-up.
Neurosurgery
Skull	Navigation guide for brainstem hematoma puncture drainage.95	FDM N/A (Shandong Ruihua Electronic Technology) PLA (in text also ABS)	4♀, 3♂, 40–56 yrs Brainstem hemorrhage	Individualized, precise hematoma puncture under local anesthesia, with early hematoma compression relief. Slightly lower accuracy compared with stereotactic technology. Minimal operation trauma compared with craniotomy hematoma evacuation, significantly shorter time, and cost of severe brainstem hemorrhage treatment.
Spine	Test-needle guide for trans-foraminal (S2–S4) implantation of electrodes for sacral neuromodulation.92	DLP Lite300 (UnionTech) Liquid photopolymer (Somos® XC11122)	2 patients Intractable constipation, irresponsive to conservative treatment.	Successful insertion of test needle into target sacral foramen at the first attempt of puncture without further adjustment. Under 20 min for implanting tined lead.
	Spine localizer for use with portable lateral radiograph to determine the optimal location of skin incision in lumbar microsurgery.94	FDM Desktop 3D printer PLA	20♀, 23♂, 22–85 yrs (mean 60) Patients undergoing 1-level lumbar microsurgical decompression procedures (laminotomy with or without discectomy or foraminotomy)	Higher accuracy of target spine segment location using the localizer (100%) compared with the surgeon's estimate based on palpation (81%). Inaccuracy of the surgeon's estimate was associated with higher BMI and transitional lumbosacral anatomy.
	Patient-specific navigation template for sacral-neuromodulation electrode placement.100	N/A N/A N/A Manufactured by Beijing ThousandMed Innovation Technology	Experimental group: 5♀, 5♂, 56.1 ± 15.8 yrs Control group: 8♀, 6♂, 40.5 ± 18.1 yrs Refractory lower urinary tract dysfunction.	Successful electrode placement with greater accuracy, significantly fewer puncture repetitions, shorter procedure time, and lower X-ray exposure compared with conventional procedure.
Oncology	Navigational guide for localizing small percutaneous lung nodules in lung cancer screening.91	SLS FS251P (Farsoon) PA3200	Template group: 74♀, 26♂, 54 ± 15 yrs (13 excluded) CT group: 73♀, 27♂, 52 ± 11 yrs (5 excluded) Small peripheral lung nodules in early-stage lung cancer.	Efficacy and safety of small peripheral lung nodule localization comparable to the CT-guided approach, significantly more simple, faster, and with less patient radiation exposure.
	Needle guide for Iodine-125 seed implantation in treatment of liver tumor.93	N/A N/A Photosensitive resin (1122-type)	Guide group: 7♀, 8♂, 42–78 yrs (median 61) Control group: 11♀, 14♂, 37–82 yrs (median 57) Primary liver cancer, bile-duct carcinoma, and metastatic malignant liver tumor.	Successful iodine-125 seed implantation, with shorter procedure time, less complication, dose closer to the planned one, and more precisely distributed.
	Coplanar needle guide for Iodine-125 seed implantation in treatment of pancreatic cancer.99	N/A N/A PMMA	Guide group: 6♀, 6♂, 48–81 yrs (median 66) Control group: 7♀, 6♂, 47–84 yrs (median 64) Unresectable advanced pancreatic carcinoma.	Successful iodine-125 seed implantation in a safe and effective manner, and with improved accuracy and similarity between treatment planning values and postoperative dosimetric parameters.
	Patient-specific reference frame for intraoperative tracking of the patient's and instruments' position during palatal tumor resection.96	FDM Ultimaker 3 Extended (Ultimaker B.V.) PLA	1 patient Adenoid cystic carcinoma.	Successful tumor resection with accurate results (∼1 mm errors in resection margins recorded compared with postoperative CT imaging).
Orthopedic oncology
Rib cage	Patient-specific sternum and rib resection template.15	FDM N/A N/A Manufactured by Anatomics	♂, 54 yrs Chondrosarcoma of sternum and ribs.	Successful tumor resection, and replacement of sternum and ribs.
	Patient-specific sternum and rib resection template.15	FDM N/A N/A Manufactured by Anatomics	N/A Mediastinal germ-cell tumor infiltrating the sternum.	Successful tumor resection, and replacement of sternum and ribs.
Spine	Patient-specific drill guide for occipitocervical screw fixation.41	SLS Eosint (EOS) PA 12 Manufactured by Anatomics	♀, 79 yrs Pathologic fracture of C1 with subluxation due to metastatic breast cancer.	Satisfactory screw placement, simplified procedure, and no intra-/postoperative complications. Satisfactory occipitocervical alignment and functional outcome, no evidence of implant loosening or dysfunction at the 6-month follow-up.
Pelvis	Patient-specific cutting guide for partial acetabular resection.53	SLS N/A PA (medical grade)	♂, 65 yrs Osteolytic destruction due to pelvic chondrosarcoma.	Successful pelvic resection and reconstruction without neurovascular complications or wound infection. Walking with full weight bearing 4 weeks after surgery. Satisfactory implant alignment, no evidence of implant loosening, and independent walking without pain at 10 months' follow-up.
	Patient-specific osteotomy guide plate for en bloc resection of peri-acetabular tumor.54	N/A N/A N/A	6♀, 5♂, 21–63 yrs (mean 47) Peri-acetabular malignant bone tumor.	Successful en bloc resection and pelvis reconstruction. Acceptable functional results without severe complications, alleviation of pain 2 weeks after surgery, and 2 cases of hip dislocation. No evidence of aseptic loosening, bone resorption, or periprosthetic fractures at 6–24 months' follow-up.
	Patient-specific guide for zone II and III borderline pelvic tumor resection.51	N/A N/A PLA	16♀, 22♂, 38–92 yrs 19 guide, 19 control Zone II and III borderline malignant pelvic tumor.	Greater accuracy of tumor resection, simplified operation, shorter operating time, smaller intraoperative blood loss, lower tumor recurrence rate, and significantly higher rate of implant loosening compared with the conventional approach.
	Patient-specific cutting and acetabular-cup placement guides for hemipelvectomy and endoprosthetic reconstruction.72	FDM N/A High-strength PETG	♀, 75 yrs High-grade pelvic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma.	Successful internal hemipelvectomy and reconstruction, with pain-free, unassisted walking at the 18-month follow-up. Acute immediate postoperative infection.
	Patient-specific osteotomy guide plates for sacral tumor resection.47	FDM UP BOX (Tiertime) PLA	2♀, 3♂, 31–53 yrs (mean 42) Giant cell tumor of the sacrum.	Successful total piecemeal resection and reconstruction of sacrum without serious complications, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, fecal incontinence, or gait disturbance. Significant relief of pain, walking as early as 2 weeks postoperatively. No instrumentation failure at ∼17-month follow-up. Satisfactory bone fusion in CT.
	Patient-specific implant for pelvic reconstruction after tumor resection.48	N/A N/A Tantalum (Xi'an Sailong Metal Materials)	♀, 30 yrs Recurrent iliac low-grade chondrosarcoma.	Successful tumor resection and pelvic reconstruction. Walking with crutches at the 1-month follow-up, without supportive brace at the 2-month follow-up without pain at the 6-month follow-up. Walking without assistance, and no tumor recurrence, instrumentation failure, or implant loosening at the 12-month follow-up.
Knee	Patient-specific cutting guide for joint-preserving intercalary resection of knee metaphyseal bone tumor.58	N/A N/A PA Manufactured by Thytec Shanghai	5♀, 7♂, 7–59 yrs (mean 37.3) Knee metaphyseal malignant bone tumor.	Accurate en bloc resection and matching between residual bone and prosthesis, no prosthetic-related complications (aseptic loosening, peri-prosthetic fracture) at the follow-up. Reliable reconstruction with possible early partial weightbearing. Overall, 10 satisfactory functional outcomes, 2 unsatisfactory knee RoM at 7–32 months' follow-up.
Limb	Patient-specific bone tumor resection guide.66	MJ Objet30 Prime (Stratasys) MED610	5♀, 7♂, 23–70 yrs (median 49) Primary bone sarcoma, intermediate bone tumor, and bone metastases of the pelvis, sacrum, femur, tibia, calcaneus, and radius/ulna.	Successful tumor resection with histologically negative margins and 0–3 mm cutting error. One case of local recurrence at the soft tissue.
Orthopedics
Spine	Patient-specific drill guide for pedicle-screw placement in thoracic-spine surgery.87	SLM EOSINT M270 (EOS) Titanium	30♀, 6♂, 11–19 yrs (mean 15); Scoliosis. 4♀, 43–77 yrs (mean 55); Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament.	Successful placement of 466 pedicle screws with 98.6% and 100% success rates for patients with scoliosis and ligament ossification, respectively.
	Patient-specific drill guide for cervical fusion surgery with pedicle, laminar, or lateral mass screws. Anatomical spine model.83	SLA RS6000 (Union Technology) Photosensitive resin	5♀, 5♂, 12–72 yrs (mean 51) Os odontoideum and atlanto-axial dislocation, cervical tumor, cervical spine fracture, cervical spondylotic myelopathy, and cervical instability.	Accurate, radiation-free insertion of 46 of 48 screws. One significant deviation from planned screw trajectory due to template splitting by rough handling. No vascular or neurologic complications, injuries, infection, fracture of bone structure, screw loosening, or failure at 1–23 months' follow-up.
	Stereotactic patient-specific drill guide for atlantoaxial spine stabilization.36	SLS N/A (Eosint) Nylon-12	3♀, 65–76 yrs Unilateral atlantoaxial osteoarthritis, unsuccessfully treated by conservative therapy.	Successful placement of patient-specific implants with C1–C2 transarticular and C1 posterior arch screws.
	Patient-specific stereotactic drill guide for revision lumbosacral surgery.37	SLS Eosint (EOS) PA-12 Manufactured by Anatomics	♀, 72 yrs Sciatica, complex L5–S1 pseudoarthrosis, 2 months after L2–S1 fixation surgery for symptomatic degenerative scoliosis.	Successful revision lumbosacral surgery, resolution of symptoms without implant dysfunction at the 6-month follow-up.
	Patient-specific surgical drill template (pedicle guider) for pedicle-screw placement in treatment of severe congenital scoliosis.86	FDM Replicator 2 (MakerBot) PLA	Pedicle guider group: 9♀, 6♂, 12 ± 3 yrs Control (freehand) group: 12♀, 5♂, 14 ± 4 yrs Severe congenital scoliosis	Successful insertion of 244 of 254 pedicle screws under the guidance of 127 guides (96% success rate). Significantly higher proportion of accurately placed screws compared with freehand (93% vs. 78%). Significant decrease in operative time, single- and total-screw placement time.
	Patient-specific ad hoc surgical template for thoracic (Th5-Th6-Th7) pedicle screw insertion in spinal arthrodesis.80	SLA Form 2 (Formlabs Inc.) Dental SG (Class 1 biocompatible resin)	Three patients Thoracic scoliosis with hernial protrusion and/or vertebral canal stenosis	Successful placement of pedicle screws with shorter screw application time, fewer X-ray shots per vertebra, and good screw placement accuracy (<2 mm deviation of 1 screw axis from planned trajectory).
	Patient-specific MySpine MC drill pilot guide for circumferential posterior interbody fusion with cortical bone trajectory screws.85	N/A N/A PA 12 Manufactured by Medacta International	Eleven patients, 42–57 yrs (mean 49) Spinal degenerative disease.	Successful placement of 44 screws with accuracy comparable to traditional approach. Two pedicle perforations, no perforations >2 mm. Significant clinical improvement without new neurological deficits or radiological pathological findings at 6 months' follow-up.
	Patient-specific drill guides for corrective surgery of complex spinal deformities with pedicle screws.78	FDM Mojo (Stratasys) ABS P430	Guide group: 6♀, 4♂, 16.6 ± 4.9 yrs Freehand group: 7♀, 3♂, 15.5 ± 3.8 yrs Congenital scoliosis, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and post-tubercular kyphosis.	Successful placement of 137 vertebral screws with higher accuracy, enhanced safety, shorter operative time, less intraoperative radiation exposure, and blood loss compared with freehand technique.
	Patient-specific guides for pedicle screw implantation in spinal deformity correction.88	N/A N/A MySpine guide (Medacta International)	Guide group: 12♀, 2♂, 34 ± 15 yrs Freehand group: 14♀, 1♂, 26 ± 17 yrs Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, adult degenerative scoliosis, and congenital spinal deformities.	Higher accuracy of screw placement with lower intraoperative radiation dose, and shorter implantation time compared with freehand technique.
	Patient-specific drilling template for vertebral arthrodesis.81	SLA Form 2 (Formlabs) Dental SG	8♀, 12♂, 50–70 yrs Degenerative disease of the lumbar spine.	Successful arthrodesis of 30 vertebrae with reduced operative time (63%) and X-ray exposure (92%), and the same or higher precision compared with freehand procedure.
	Patient-specific multi-level drill guide for posterior pedicle screw insertion in spinal deformity correction.84	SLA SLA600 (N/A) Photosensitive resin	6♀, 4♂, 13–23 yrs (mean 18) Severe, rigid idiopathic/congenital thoracic scoliosis.	Successful placement of 152 screws, without neurologic damage, vascular injury, implant failure, infection, or other complications. Accurate placement of 45 of 48 screws (93.8%) using the drill guide, and 82 of 104 screws (78.8%) by free hand.
Pelvis	Patient-specific drill guide for pelvic reconstruction with patient-specific acetabular endoprosthesis—aMace Acetabular Revision System (Mobelife NV/Materialise, Leuven, Belgium).49	SLS N/A N/A	8♀, 1♂, 40–79 yrs (mean 67) Extensive acetabular defects with aseptic loosening of the acetabular component after total hip arthroplasty and 1–8 prior revisions.	Nine revision total hip arthroplasties followed by 5 revision surgeries due to nonimplant-associated complications.
	Surgical template for external fixation of pelvic fracture with iliosacral screws.82	SLA SLA-Lite 450 HD (UnionTech) Photosensitive resin	Template group: 11♀, 11♂, 51.7 ± 15.2 yrs Control group: 8♀, 10♂, 50.1 ± 13.7 yrs Traumatic posterior pelvic fracture type B, C	Successful pelvic fixation using 37 screws in template group and 28 screws in control group. No significant difference in quality of reduction between groups, significantly lower rate of screw perforation, significantly shorter operative time per screw, and significantly lower radiation exposure dose compared with freehand technique.
Hip	Patient-specific acetabular jig to guide cup placement in total hip arthroplasty.98	N/A N/A PLA	Acetabular jig group: 18 patients Control group: 18 patients Patients indicated for total hip replacement.	Higher accuracy of acetabular cup placement without significant increase in operating time or blood loss.
Knee	Patient-specific cutting guide and wedge spacers for distal femur varus osteotomy, K-wire positioning guide. Anatomical distal femur model.75	FDM Witbox (BQ) PLA	Guide group: 9♀, 3♂, 34–60 yrs (mean 44) Control group: 15♀, 5♂, 33–57 yrs (mean 41) Lateral compartment osteoarthritis of the knee with valgus malalignment.	Higher accuracy of deformity correction, with increased ease of procedure, shorter operative time, less radiation exposure, and lower costs compared with classical technique.
	Patient-specific guide for high tibial osteotomy in medial degeneration of the knee due to osteoarthritis.64	SLA N/A (Formlabs) Dental SG	6♀, 4♂, 56–79 yrs (mean 67) Medial osteoarthritis of the knee with varus deformity.	Precise osteotomy with good short-term results.
	Patient-specific cutting guides for femoral and tibial resections in total knee arthroplasty.69	SLS N/A PA (high-resolution) Manufactured by Wright Medical Group	118♀, 70♂, 46–90 yrs (mean 67.7) End-stage knee arthrosis.	Successful 201 total-knee arthroplasties with satisfactory accuracy, clinical and radiological outcome, no intraoperative complications, and no infections at 23.8 months' follow-up. An error in one resection jig (jammed sliding mechanism) caused a larger resection than planned.
	Patient-specific guide for distal femoral and tibial osteotomy to improve implant positioning in total knee replacement surgery.67	SLS EOS P760 (EOS) EOS Pa2200	Guide group: 15♀, 5♂, 68.6 ± 8.6 yrs Control group: 16♀, 4♂, 70.5 ± 7.1 yrs End-stage gonarthrosis.	Successful total knee replacement without significant differences in average postoperative mechanical femorotibial, femoral, coronal, and tibial coronal angles; significantly fewer patients with marked femorotibial malalignment.
	Patient-specific intramedullary guide to control femoral component rotation in total knee arthroplasty.73	FDM UP BOX (Tiertime) PLA	Guide group: 32♀, 8♂, 57–80 yrs, (mean 69) Control group: 33♀, 7♂, 55–82 yrs (mean 68) Terminal stage of knee osteoarthritis.	Less postoperative drainage volume, better postoperative patella transverse axis-femoral transepicondylar axis angle and posterior condylar angle than conventional group. No significant difference in drainage duration, postoperative range of motion after surgery, but longer operation time than conventional group.
	Patient-specific surgical guide for total knee arthroplasty.74	FDM UP BOX (Tiertime) PLA	Guide group: 21♀, 9♂, 55–76 yrs (mean 69) Control group: 42♀, 18♂, 54–80 yrs (mean 68) End-stage knee osteoarthritis.	Gait analysis at follow-up. Successful total knee arthroplasty with larger knee maximum flexion angle in the swing phase of gait, and smaller mean patella transverse axis-femoral transepicondylar axis angle at ∼12-month follow-up.
	Patient-specific distal femoral osteotomy guide plate model for total knee arthroplasty.70	N/A N/A PA	Guide group: 12♀, 7♂, 70.2 ± 8.4 yrs Control group: 23♀, 10♂, 68.6 ± 7.1 yrs Degenerative knee arthritis, no obvious/poor therapeutic effects after a stage of treatments.	Procedure highly consistent of the preoperative software simulation plan. Significantly lower operation time, more accurate coronal force line recovery.
	Patient-specific osteotomy guide plate for total knee arthroplasty.77	FDM Creator Pro (FlashForge) N/A	Guide-plate group: 8♀, 2♂, 59–71 yrs (mean 60) Control group: 9♀, 1♂, 60–71 yrs (mean 61) Valgus knee deformity due to osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.	Successful total knee arthroplasty with significantly lower operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative mean femorotibial angle, and significantly higher clinical and functional scores of the knee compared with the control group.
	Patient-specific guide for positioning of cutting blocks in total knee arthroplasty.65	FDM Replicator 2 (MakerBot), Ultimaker 2 extended plus (Ultimaker) HIPS	5♀, 1♂, 48 ± 9 yrs Post-traumatic gonarthrosis stage III–IV with severe varus deformity and severe knee-extensor contracture.	Successful resection and reconstruction of the knee, with significant improvement in knee functioning and lower limb axis at the 6-month follow-up. One case of >3° deviation from the lower-limb frontal plane mechanical axis.
Ankle	Patient-specific cutting guides for ankle resection.60	N/A N/A PA12 (biocompatible polyamide)	♂, 57 yrs Severe post-traumatic ankle–joint arthritis.	Successful bone resection and prosthesis implantation. Good implant positioning and alignment. Excellent clinical scores and functional abilities at 4 months' follow-up, satisfactory joint moment, and normal muscle-activation timing.
	Patient-specific cutting guide for treatment of foot and ankle pathologies.63	N/A N/A N/A Manufactured by 4WEB Medical (Frisco, TX)	9♀, 6♂, 22–74 yrs (mean 53) Complex large bony defects after talus/tibia trauma, tibial/tibiotalocalcaneal nonunion, talus avascular necrosis, failed total ankle arthroplasty, and hindfoot valgus deformity.	Overall, 15 reconstructions of tibia, ankle, or hindfoot, with significant improvement in pain and functional outcome, radiographic fusion in 13 patients at 2.6–8.2-months. Two failures: 1 early deep infection 2 weeks postoperation, 1 nonunion at the 24-month follow-up. No cases of hardware failure.
	Patient-specific guide for subtalar joint arthrodesis.97	FDM UP BOX (Tiertime) PLA	16♀, 13♂ Experimental group: 14 patients, 52 ± 19 yrs Control group: 16 patients, 50 ± 18 yrs Traumatic arthritis, severe osteoarthritis of the subtalar joint.	Successful subtalar arthrodesis with significantly shorter operating and intraoperative fluoroscopy time, and fewer drilling repetitions compared with the conventional approach. No neurovascular injury or other complications occurred in either group.
Long bone	Patient-specific cutting and drill guides for corrective osteotomies of long bones.68	SLS N/A PA	Ten patients Malunion of long bones (2 femur, 2 tibia, 4 humerus, 1 radius, and 1 radius/ulna).	Undercorrection of femur and tibia, adequate osteotomies, and screw entry points. Adequate humerus coronal, but not axial and sagittal correction angles, adequate osteotomies, and screw entry points. Undercorrection of forearm in multiple planes, adequate screw entry points.
	Patient-specific drill guide for internal fixation surgery of tibial plateau fracture.79	FDM Replicator 2X (MakerBot) Acrylate resin	2♀, 4♂, 33–52 yrs Schatzker classification V or VI tibial plateau fracture.	Successful internal fixation surgeries with 33 screws and 6 locking plates. Screw lengths, entry points, and direction consistent with preoperative plan.
	Patient-specific osteotomy guide for reconstructive lengthening of the radius with autograft and Alians Radius™ osteosynthesis plate.71	N/A N/A PA2200 uspcl6 Manufactured by Newclip Technics	♂, 16 yrs Post-traumatic epiphysiodesis of the radius with severe radial loss of length, ulnocarpal impingement, and pain.	Successful longitudinal lengthening of radius, with consolidation, improved radioulnar index, and without clinical deformation, ulnocarpal impingement, pain, or neurologic symptoms at the 6-month follow-up. More secure procedure, reduced radiation exposure, surgery duration, scar size, and postoperative pain at the iliac crest harvesting site.
	Patient-specific osteotomy guide for cubitus varus correctional surgery124	N/A N/A N/A Manufactured by Metaklinik	♂, 18 yrs 8 yrs' postsupracondylar fracture of humerus resulting in 40◦cubitus varus deformity with 20◦ flexion and extension deficits.	Successful varus correction, perfectly matching preoperative plans. Elbow mobilization 1 week after surgery, full range of motion, no pain, and osteotomy site union at the 3-month follow-up.
Wrist	Patient-specific guide plate for mini-invasive percutaneous internal screw fixation of fractured scaphoid.90	MJ N/A MED610	4♂, 30–53 yrs Traumatic scaphoid fracture.	Successful fixation with shorter operative time and fewer radiological exposures.

BMI, body mass index; HIPS, high impact polystyrene.