Figure 3.

Inter‐ and intraspecific changes of population‐based P matrices. Boxplots summarize the angles θ between the population‐specific leading eigenvectors ( p _max) (a‐c) or the overall Mahalanobis distances between P matrices (d‐f) for wing shape (a and d), the shape of the orange spot (b and e), and genital shape (c and f). Filled circles indicate significant and open circles nonsignificant estimates, based on 10,000 bootstrap replicates. Population comparisons are as follows: Ca, allopatric E. cassioides; Cc, contact zone E. cassioides; Ta, allopatric E. tyndarus; Tc, contact zone E. tyndarus. θ for each trait category was compared, grouping intra‐ and interspecific comparisons. Significance levels based on a post hoc Tukey's HSD test: ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; ns, P > 0.05.