Table 1.

Application of nanomaterials in caries and pulp diseases.

Disease types	Application	Core materials/ nanomaterial	Key features	Ref
Caries	Antibacterial	AgNPs	Strong antibacterial power without causing hyperpigmentation.	[31,32]
		MDPB+AgNPs	Synergistic antibacterial ability without affecting bonding performance.	[33]
		AgBr/BHPVP	Controlling release of Ag+.	[34]
		R-GNs/Ag	Improving antibacterial activity of GIC.	[35]
		ZnNPs	Low toxicity and multi-mechanism antibacterial and significant effect on Streptomyces mutants.	[36,37]
		Ag+ZnNPs	Antibacterial multi-mechanisms	[38,39]
		ZnG	Graphene preventing bacterial adhesion.	[40]
		Cationic NPs	pH responsiveness for antibacterial drug delivery.	[41]
			pH responsiveness and antibacterial multi-mechanisms	[42]
		Dex-NZM
	Remineralization	NHAP	Supplementary Ca2+, PO43−	[43,44]
		NHAP+Sr2+	Improving biocompatibility.	[45]
		NTMP	Supplementary PO43−	[46]
		NCaF2	Reducing dentin permeability.	[47]
		NSF/NSDF	Antibacterial (actions) and remineralization.	[48,49]
		Synthetic peptides	Promoting regeneration of enamel.	[50]
		PTL/C-AMG	Promoting regeneration of enamel.	[18]
		Ca/PPILP	Promoting dentin bionic remineralization.	[51]
Dentine hypersensitivity	Sealing of dentin tubules	NHAP	Promoting dentin remineralization.	[52,53]
		ZnNPs	Accelerating the active remodeling of dentin and improving the maturation and mechanical properties of dentin.	[54]
		NBG	A Sol-gel system that can reduce electrical conductivity.	[55]
		Si/Ca/SrNPs	Acid resistance, antibacterial and low cytotoxicity as well as the ability to promote dentin bionic remineralization.	[19]
Pulp exposure	Capping Marrow	NHA	Promoting restorative dentin formation.	[56]
		NHA+FGF2	Further enhancing the formation of calcified tissue	[57]
		NHA/SB	SB increases the adhesion capacity of NHA.	[58]
		Zn-Si-CaNPs	ZnNPs can down-regulate the expression of M1-macrophages.	[59]
		nCur	Combined with aPDT produces a long-lasting anti-inflammatory effect.	[60]
Pulpitis or periradicular lesions	RCT	AgNPs	Antibacterial.	[61,62]
		Nano Ca(OH)2	High penetration ability.	[63]
		MgONPsNano-ceramic	Stronger antibacterial effect against Enterococcus faecalis.	[64]
		Sealer	Good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity.	[65]
		DMAHDM+AgNPs+NACP	Multifunctional root canal sealer.	[66]
	Pulp regeneration	PGA-α-MSH	Treatment of pulpal damage and promotion of fibroblast proliferation.	[67]
		SHEDs/SMS	Promotes regeneration of vascularized dental pulp-like tissue in vivo.	[68]
		EGF@Cu-BGn	Antibacterial, pro-angiogenic and odontogenic multiple therapeutic effects.	[20]