Table 3.

Application of nanomaterials in prosthodontics.

Application	Nanocarrier	Core nanoparticles	Key features	Ref
Drug delivery	Hydrogel	nCur	High bioavailability, suitable for topical application.	[150–152]
		CS+atorvastatin/lovastatin	Anti-inflammatory and bone-enhancing effects.	[153]
		AgNPs	High bioavailability and lower toxicity.	[154]
	Nanofiber	PCL+Cip	Hydrophobic properties extending drug release time.	[201]
		mPEGPCL+Protein kinase inhibitors	Long-term stable antibacterial effect.	[158]
	Nano Microneedle	Tetracycline	Reduction of mucosal immunity and extended antibacterial time.	[21]
	Nanocapsules	AgNPs + antibiotics Nano-baicalin+CHX	Stronger antibacterial effect and lower toxicity. Maintaining antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties while reducing the side effects of CHX.	[144] [147,148]
	Biomimetic cell membrane	Treg cell membrane	Endowing drugs with broad-spectrum immunomodulatory capabilities.	[141]
	PTT	GNC	Controlled drug release.	[168]
	PDT	sPDMA+ICG	Increasing the ability to target bacteria.	[173]
Tissue engineering	Inorganic nanoscaffold	NHAP	High osteoconductivity and biocompatibility.	[182]
		NHAP	Angiogenesis in early bone defect healing; Promotes osteogenesis	[181]
		NHAP+CG	Different morphologies have different effects on hiPSCs.	[183]
		NHAP+MgNPs	Improving antibacterial potential; Promotes cell proliferation; Migration and angiogenesis.	[185]
		NBG+AgNPs+CS	Enhanced antibacterial activity; Bioactivity; Controlled degradation; Non-toxic to cells	[189]
		NHAP	High osteoconductivity.	[202]
	Synthetic polymer scaffold	PLA	CS promotes the mechanical properties of PLA; PLA changes CS hydrophobic properties.	[195]
		PCL	Demonstrates both the antibacterial ability of MET and the osteogenic ability of NHAP.	[197]
		PLA	Improved mechanical properties and hydrophilicity.	[190]
		PCL PCL	Good biocompatibility and good osteogenesis. Support materials that can be processed into specific structures by the MEW process	[199] [185]
	Natural	CS+CC	Higher proliferative/metabolic activity.	[197]
	Biodegradable	CS	Promoting the regeneration of oral soft tissue defects.	[179]
	Polymer scaffold	CC+β-TCP	Improved compressive strength and cytocompatibility; Greatly enhanced periodontal tissue repair.	[203]
		CS	High load capacity enhancement; Excellent mechanical strengthening properties.	[198]