Summary of findings 2. Summary of findings table ‐ Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) compared to no contraception for COVID‐19 positive patients.

Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) compared to no contraception for COVID‐19 positive patients
Patient or population: COVID‐19 positive patients Setting: COVID‐19 positive patients in tertiary care setting Intervention: any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) Comparison: no contraception
Outcomes	Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)		Relative effect (95% CI)	№ of participants (studies)	Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)	Comments
	Risk with no contraception	Risk with any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only)
Hospitalization	38 per 1000	38 per 1000 (26 to 54)	OR 0.99 (0.68 to 1.44)	123 (1 observational study)	⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very lowa,b,c
Intubation	0 of 79 patients who did not use hormonal contraception required intubation compared to 0 of 44 patients who used hormonal contraception.			123 (1 observational study)	⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very lowa,b,c
Mortality ‐ not measured	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
Venous thromboembolism ‐ not measured	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
Arterial thromboembolism ‐ not measured	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
Acute respiratory distress syndrome ‐ not measured	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect.
See interactive version of this table: https://gdt.gradepro.org/presentations/#/isof/isof_question_revman_web_432122675422248852.

^a Downgraded for serious risk of bias given no ascertainment of hormonal contraception exposure and no information on variables used for adjustment, increasing risk of residual confounding.
^b Downgraded for indirectness as the study was not performed in patients confirmed to be using contraception at time of outcome.
^c Downgraded 2 levels for imprecision due to small sample size with wide confidence interval with results reported in only 1 study.