Table 2.

Articles with Quantitative Outcome Data for Family Therapy with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth (Review 2)

Citation	Sample of interest	Treatment modalities	Outcome data/empirical support	Clinical strategies	Additional themes
Willoughby and Doty94	Nonheterosexual youth and their family (n=1)	Brief CBFT	Moderate increases in GARF scores over the course of treatment. Subjective parent-reported increase in comfort with son's sexual orientation	• Teach listening and problem-solving skills to bolster adaptive family functioning and support family adjustment of sexual identity. • Addressing the family members' cognitions that influence family life will have to be addressed to modify dysfunctional family patterns. • Identify and challenge automatic thoughts (e.g., “this is a phase” or “We've failed as parents”) that are reflective of cognitive schemas. • Provide psychoeducation related to sexual identity. • Assign and check homework assignments (e.g., contact with gay people). • Expose families to salient topics and have them stay with the emotions they elicit. • Provide behavioral alternatives that increase positive family interactions, as well as communication and problem-solving skills. • Family communication: speaker listener, ask history of sexuality in supportive place	• Important to be able to define the crisis that brought the family in and establish agreement among family members about what the central problem is. • Maintain a directive stance in entering into the family to actively introduce change
Diamond et al.95	Self-identified LGB suicidal adolescents and their parents (n=10)	Attachment-Based Family Therapy	Significant decreases in suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms over the course of treatment. Nonsignificant decreases in attachment-related anxiety and avoidance over the course of treatment	• Spend increased time with parents to help reconcile religious beliefs with child's sexuality, address fears about rejection from family of origin, and address concerns for child welfare. • Focus early on promoting access to and participation in LGB-affirmative resources. • Help parents gain access to educational materials about positive LGB lifestyles and community support (e.g., PFLAG). • Help adolescents reframe acceptance as an ongoing process. • Identify and eliminate potentially invalidating parental comments or behaviors (i.e., microaggressions).	• Conversations with both parents and adolescents about acceptance allow them to work through the acceptance process together without breaking the attachment bond.

CBFT, cognitive-behavioral family treatment; GARF, Global Assessment of Relational Functioning; PFLAG, Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays.