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. 2023 Jan 9;13:5. doi: 10.1038/s41398-022-02297-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Altered inflammation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala, hippocampus, insula, and other brain areas has been reported in vivo PET imaging studies in humans. The lateral habenula (LHb) and the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN), which play an important role in depression, are found to have inflammatory changes in animal studies.